Comparison of DNS cabling system performance and price

Data on the system performance and price of cabling is still commonly used. Therefore, we will compare the system performance and price of cabling separately. Here we will share with you and hope it will be useful to you.

Today, we cannot imagine how much information technology will develop in the next 15 years, but one thing is certain: Our endless pursuit of transmission bandwidth. Moore's law will remain valid for the next 30 years, that is, the CPU processing capacity will double every 18 months. In other words, every five years, we need to add a zero value after the LAN transmission rate number. Therefore, we must constantly meet the needs of increasing bandwidth.

Cost Comparison of 10/100/1000 Mbit/s utp lan connection

The rule of the market economy is that once the demand exceeds the barrier of the price/Payment capability, the purchasing power is formed. We will use this argument to conduct an in-depth analysis of the Ethernet market. Next we will take longxun Technology Co., Ltd. as an example to analyze the relationship between the cabling system performance and price of the office horizontal cabling system. Currently, around 85 million 10BASE-T connection devices are installed worldwide. The total price of 10 BASE-T horizontal cabling is USD 247 per user. The price of computer, server, and trunk LAN electronic devices is not included. The total price of 100BASE-T horizontal cabling is USD 363 per user. Wiring and installation costs increase by 30% because Category 5 cables are used to upgrade Category 3 cables. The cost of electronic devices has increased from $82 to $148. The total price of 1000BASE-T horizontal cabling is USD 1620 per user. As the cabling system uses only more than 5 types of cables (Power Sum) to replace 5 types of cables, the cost of cabling increases by 12%. Currently, most cabling systems use cables that are compatible with Category 5 cables. Among them, the cost of electronic equipment has increased from $148 to $1380. Only users with strong demands can make such a large investment. We can see from the data graph that the cost of electronic devices is the main cost of the entire 1000BASE-T network investment.

In-depth analysis of cost of 1000BASE-T Nic

Lucent's 1000BASE-T Nic product focuses on the Physical Layer Chip (PHY chip. There are three main reasons for the high price of physical layer chips:

◆ Chip size: approximately 1 million transistors are collected on the PHY chip, which is roughly equivalent to 486 CPUs. The manufacturing cost of such integrated circuits is very high.
◆ Encapsulation: Because the chip produces a high amount of heat during operation, special ceramic packages must be used to replace traditional plastic packages. This increases the price per port by about $240.
◆ Complexity: the Basic DSP technology used to implement the 1000BASE-T PHY chip is very complicated. Only a few manufacturers in the world have mastered this technology. This restricts competition and increases the product price.

Implementation of 1000BASE-T Physical Layer

The IEEE 802.3ab committee has many differences on how to achieve a transmission rate of Mbps on the UTP cable on the 4-wire. After heated debate, the Committee finally decided to use a code called PAM-5 to transmit data. This encoding can easily achieve a transfer rate of Mbps for each line with a transmission bandwidth of no more than MHz. Using Bidirectional duplex transmission technology, we can achieve a transmission rate of Mbps in each line.

1000BASE-T cable defects and Compensation Technology

The 1000BASE-T cable has some defects that need to be tolerated or compensated by electronic devices, including attenuation, reflection loss, near-end crosstalk interference, remote crosstalk interference, and external crosstalk interference.

Attenuation: simple compensation in balanced form

When the signal spreads a certain distance in the cable, its amplitude will be reduced. Therefore, all LAN electronic devices now use some balancing technology to compensate for attenuation distortion. For example, four standard compensation settings are used: 0 ~ 25 meters, 25 ~ 50 meters, 50 ~ 75 meters, 75 ~ 100 meters. This analog balancer can compensate most of the attenuation distortion, while the remaining distortion can be compensated using a simple digital balancer.

Reflection loss/ECHO: complicated digital offset circuit is required

When a signal is transmitted over a cable, it is ideally transmitted only in one direction. But in fact, some signals will be reflected back to the sending end of the signal, so we must take effective measures to reduce the intensity of the reflected signal, and
The degree of offset needs to be controlled. As a result, the echo offsets require a highly integrated chip (about 0.3 million transistors.

A complex digital cancellation circuit is required to overcome the interference of near-end crosstalk.

Near-end crosstalk interference noise will have the same impact on each receiver. Therefore, each end of the cable channel requires 12 near-end crosstalk interference cancellation devices. This increases the complexity of the device (about 0.2 million crystals need to be integrated ).
Body management ).

Remote crosstalk interference and external crosstalk interference are negligible.

In cat5e cables, we should also consider the effects of remote crosstalk interference and external crosstalk interference. For channels compatible with cat5e cables, the two types of noise can be ignored.

Summary: Comparison of cabling system performance and price
In the PHY chip, 50% of transistors are used to overcome cable performance defects, as shown in Figure 2. The most transistor is used for reflection loss and echo offset circuit, which requires about 1 million, second, it is used for near-end crosstalk interference.
Circuit. That is to say, in the PHY chip, only 50% of the transistor is used to implement 4-wire basic PAM-5 coding, balance and delay compensation and other functions.

Example: cat6 cables simplify device complexity
On the six types of cables, we can use many methods to achieve Gigabit transmission rates. However, the problem with adopting new methods and unproven methods is that they require considerable design time and standardization. Therefore, a faster method is to "borrow" other standards as much as possible. The implementation method we described here is based on the extensive "Reference" 1000BASE-T standard, while avoiding the use of complex digital offset circuits, proposed Based on cabling cables with improved performance over MHz bandwidth.
We double the data transmission rate on each line and transmit data at a speed of Mbps. The transmission spectrum range is 0 ~ 250 MHz. The minimum jitter produced by the receiver is negligible for spectrum components higher than 167MHz (the spectrum efficiency is 3 bits/Hz ), at the same time, the inherent improved performance of the six types of cables can ensure that the channel meets the requirements of PSNEXT, FEXT, and external crosstalk interference. Therefore, complex digital cancellation circuits are not required, for example, a close-end crosstalk interference cancellation circuit is not required. Because the number of sending and receiving line pairs is halved, the number of circuits used for encoding, balancing, and latency compensation is also reduced accordingly, the reduction may vary depending on the high-speed data transmission requirements on each line. However, the total number of transistors on the PHY chip will be reduced by more than 50%, therefore, we can adopt a simpler and lower-rate plastic-seal PHY chip design to reduce costs. Therefore, although the installation cost for Category 6 Cabling has increased by $40, the cost of the electronic equipment used has been reduced by $380, thus reducing the cost of the system by $340.

Conclusion
The CPU processing capability has increased by an order of magnitude in 5 years. Customers must constantly upgrade their LAN speed to meet the demand for Bandwidth growth. Although the current BASE-TX Ethernet cabling system performance and price indicators have been accepted by most users, 1000BASE-T will face the challenges posed by the complexity of electronic devices, especially the complexity of the PHY chip. In a category 5 cable cabling system, the number of transistors used to overcome the performance limitations of the cables exceeds 50% of the total number of transistors in the PHY chip, in the 6-class cabling system, the price of Gigabit Ethernet to the desktop is greatly reduced due to the absence of digital compensation circuits.

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