Escape from your Xiao shenke (1): Do you have to go through it before you can understand it?

Escape from your Xiao shenke (1): Do you have to go through it before you can understand it?

 

By Liu weipeng (pongba) | http://blog.csdn.net/pongba

 

Preface: I have long been thinking about the question "escape from your Xiao shenke", but I have never found a proper starting point. The last time, by accident, we found that we could interpret some common sayings that people often put on their lips as the entrance, based on the knowledge about thinking learned over the past year, some useful things are just a summary and arrangement of things you have learned and thought about, if you find that there are too many books to read after reading the "how to think clearly-knowledge structure chart" last time, you may wish to use this series as a more detailed reference map, note that each hyperlink in the text points to valuable materials. The value of referenced materials is far greater than that of this article.

 

-- Each person has a Xiao shenke

(1) Why do we often say that we have to experience it before we can understand it?

1.
Experience. Personally experiencing a negative event brings about a much stronger emotional memory than watching or hearing that another person experiences the same event, and the formation of negative conditioned reflection is far more persistent. We can indeed feel the same way to some extent, but psychology experiments also show that we cannot really feel the same pain from others, mistakes were made (but not
Me) p192 illustrates an extremely smart experiment:

Even if the two are actually the same, the pain we feel is always more intense than watching others. An old joke is like this: if someone else breaks a leg, it's no big deal. If we break a nail, We will scream. This joke happened to vividly describe how our brain's neural systems work. British neuroscientists once conducted an experiment in pairing people with "Returning teeth with teeth and eyes with eyes", with a clip placed on each pair of fingers, the experimenter uses this clip to put a certain amount of pressure on one's index finger, and then asks him to put the same pressure on his companions. The result is that no one can be fair, despite their hard work, but they always exert greater power to their companions-they believe that this is what they are powered. Researchers believe this effect is a natural by-products of our neural processing mechanism. This experiment helps to explain a phenomenon that we often notice: two people beat me and I gave you a fist. As a result, the fist will become heavier and heavier, from fight to fight. Each Party thinks that they are still in a fair color, but they are not in fact returning their teeth to their eyes, but returning their teeth to their eyes, as a result, the guy wants to unload your leg. (Translation)

Xu Ke, a friend of mine who experienced kidney stones for seven hours recently, wrote in his blog:

One sentence is empathy. I have never experienced the suffering of kidney stones, but morally supported the protection of Sanlu babies. Now, I really support the protection of Sanlu babies. I even want to toss on people who add melamine to the milk powder, people who have been informed of the blockout for a few months, and those who do not allow parents to protect their rights. In their lifetime, we have to give the victims a cup of melamine milk powder to let them feel the same way.

2.
Stories from other demographics. Stories in other populations may be only one aspect of things. They will inevitably be influenced by their own ideas and lead to prejudice. Each of us will look at the world with colored glasses, very few people can objectively and comprehensively describe a task. Others' stories may be just their thoughts. You may experience the same things yourself, but it is another idea.

3.
Why?. When others tell you a truth, they can only tell youHow)But hard to clarifyWhy (why)To do this, Let's explain whyHave
To)It is necessary to do this (because they may not be clear ). Before you hear the evidence that the logic is strict and irrefutable, it is difficult for you to convince yourself that option A is better than option B until eventuallyYourselfOnly when you hit the south wall on a certain road will you die.

4.
The world is complex. What's more, in many cases, people simply cannot assure you that option A must be better than option B. For example, a good study may not necessarily lead to a good future. A bad study may not be a mess. Smoking is not necessarily short-lived, and smoking is not necessarily long-lived. If you stick to it, it may not always win (or even be doomed). If you don't stick to it, it may not always fail (it is also important to learn to give up ). This is a complex world where various intricate factors affect each other. It is almost inappropriate to use a single cause and effect to explain events, the only way to figure out the relationship between factor X and factor y is through a random control experiment.

5.
The future is uncertain.. Human beings naturally have a need to seek certainty and to control the small world around them. We always want to hear"As long as you do, you will be able to do that in the future."This kind of heartbreaking words. However, contrary to our illusion of control, there are too many factors in the world that are uncertain. Apart from their own factors that are controllable, the external opportunity factors are almost impossible to control or predict. We can onlyPrepare your mind and try not to miss the opportunity. That's why you almost never hear enough convincing evidence to tell you,"You only need ..., You will be able...", Because success is notOnlyDepends on individual factors.Personal factors are often only a non-adequate and non-essential condition for success,It's time to seek help.But there is no need to be pessimistic, because there is no doubt that improving personal factors can greatly increase the chance of success..

6.
What others do, what they do. We often say thatYou're right, but it doesn't apply to me."In this case,There is always a small or huge difference between your own things and other things.If we do not want to listen to others' opinions first, it is easy to persuade (deceive) ourselves to say "the situation is different, so the truth is not applicable" (but what is actually different, why is the truth not applicable? Is it true or not? We will not go into it ). In addition, the truth or story given by a friend is always closely related to the details of the situation he experienced. You have recorded the truth and story of your friend, at the same time, this principle is linked to the situational clues he experienced at the time.Similar situationWhen this happens, your memory system will be able to extract the truth your friends told you at the time based on situational clues ("looking for the lost self"); however, this memory extraction mechanism also has its weakness, that is, when the situations you experience are less similar to those of your friends (although abstraction may be essentially the same, you won't think of what he once said. This is the reason why we often find that we have heard a bunch of things, but we don't use them in our own lives. The so-called "active learning and active use" is the ability of those who are good at grasping the essence of knowledge and moving the truth out of the domain to issues that are not similar but essentially the same.
Chapter 11th of problem solving provides an example:

First, the trainees (all college students) should read a piece of military material, which is about how a small army can defeat a strong defensive military bastion through several small-scale attacks in different directions at the same time. In fact, the essence of this example is that at the same time a weak attack on a point can combine into a powerful force. The patients were asked to solve the problem: a doctor wants to use X-rays to kill a malignant tumor that can only be killed by High-Intensity X-rays, however, this will hurt the surrounding good organizations. What Should doctors do? Only 10% thought of the answer in the test that did not give the previous military example, which is the control baseline. Then, in the trial of the military example, this proportion only increased to 30%, that is to say, only an additional 20% of people will automatically transfer their knowledge (they will be able to bypass the class ). The last group was done under the reminder, reaching 75%, that is, 45% more than the "Automatic" Transfer Group (reminders required ). This example shows that the details of the appearance of knowledge will confuse our eyes and hinder our transfer and use of knowledge. In this example, the two fields on the surface are not similar, but it is essentially the same. On the surface, however, this is because it is not similar, and our memory extraction relies heavily on clues on some appearances, as a result, these superficial non-similarities impede the analogy between problems and apply what we grasp in one situation to another.

This is my own experience. I often use Google when studying professional knowledge. The first reaction to a knowledge problem is Google or Wikipedia.
. However, when you encounter some problems in your real life, it is often the first time you think of Google
It is a habit established when I solve my life problems (for example, asking friends around me or simply leaving aside) (although I once summarized and told myself that "I encountered any knowledge problems, first time ask Google
"), How can this happen? Isn't life problems a problem? Shouldn't we also think of a way to deal with professional problems-Google
? However, the characteristics of our memory system determine that this is not the case. life problems are life problems. The brain will immediately extract how we solve our life problems, this priority is much higher than a more general strategy-Google. Only when there is no specific policy, the brain will go back and seek a general strategy.

What's more vivid: I once saw a lecture in someone's diary on Douban. I wrote some thoughts later, but the lecture link was not given, so my first reaction was to leave a message asking him for a link, but what about it? Just throw the keyword of the lecture
Google. I am a heavy user of Google. How can I forget this ?!

In fact,We generally have two steps of thinking when solving the problem.First, extract the previous successful solutions from the memory system based on the problem situation clues (following the feasible methods used in similar situations, this is also called
Mental shortcut), and then evaluate whether the solution can solve the current problem. If yes, stop the Memory search (this is also called Satisficing
Principle). In the diary question just mentioned, I wrote a message asking the author that I was becoming a Google
The specific habits established by heavy users for such situations can even be the first habit of each of us (if a person talks about something in detail, he must know exactly ), in addition, this method does satisfy the feasible principle. Therefore, in this way of thinking, I followed the old habit without thinking about it, instead, we did not successfully promote a better method established in another problem area to this problem. As mentioned above, if this diary does not allow messages and I do not know the author, I may immediately think of it.
Google.

How can we solve this problem of "failed cross-situation transfer of knowledge and experience? In addition to reflecting and observing yourself, it is also a powerful way to abstract the essence of the problem when facing the problem. As mentioned above, it is precisely because the surface non-similarity hinders the migration and application of knowledge, we often say that some people are good at seeing the essence of things. Such people are usually wise people, because they are more able to draw inferences from each other and promote the principle of understanding one place to another.

7.Cognitive disorder and self-defense. If we have a psychological tendency before hearing the truth from others, even if others give a convincing reason, according to the Cognitive Imbalance theory, we will also try our best to defend ourselves, and because the world is complex, we are almost always able to find an excuse to defend-"The Last newspaper said that an old British lady would smoke a cigarette every day, I live in my one hundred S."
(Mistakes were
Made (but not by me)

8.
Success upon failure. Sometimes, we do need to sum up the lessons learned when hitting the south wall (especially for the road that has not been traveled) and reach the other side of success. From the perspective of Information collectors, there is no success or failure in the world. The information exposed in failed events is no less than that in successful events, maybe more things can be obtained.

9.
Emotion comparison. After a failure, we feel more confident when doing the "right" thing.If we do not have a bad memory after failure, even if we rationally realize that the current practice is more appropriate, it is difficult to feel the correct feeling from the emotional point of view".

10.Nature. We have a lot of evolutionary choices rooted in the brain (mean genes, evolutionary psychology, predictably
Irrational, don't be a normal fool, sway, behavioral
Economics ). In Judgment and decision-making, these natural priorities are always the highest. However, because these kinds of nature have been adapted to ancient society and are not adapted to the modern society that we entered just a few hundred years ago, we always hear two voices quarreling in our hearts. For example, our nature is short-sighted and we only see immediate benefits (maybe this is suitable for ancient societies with material shortage ). So even if someone else persuaded us to think about it in the long run, he had to watch the loss. However, your inner voice is still shouting "manage him !".

If you don't have a lot of money, someone tells you that people with more money are not happier. Money is almost irrelevant to happiness. Will you believe it? Even if he has come up with very rigorous, authoritative, and scientific psychological research results ("Shake happiness"), you may not be able to refute it, but there is still another voice in your heart shouting: "Whatever it is, let me make a fortune first and then worry about this problem." We seem to have two brains, A rational region (probably located in neocortex, a neighborhood in history), and an original region. These two regions are not always in a cooperative relationship. In many cases, when we are faced with a dilemma, we seem to have two voices quarreling, that is, they are quarreling. The rational brain tells you that we should do this, however, intuition shouted that we should do that. How can this problem be solved? In the end, there is only one way to figure out-experiment. But what do you think if someone else tells you that happiness and money are not what you want? In the face of irrefutable evidence, your rational brain is persuaded, but your other brain does not buy accounts at all. Its working mechanism is: To drive you with anxiety if you have no money, it will make you feel uneasy. When you make money, you will be given a short sense of satisfaction, and then you will quickly get used to this sense of satisfaction, it forces you to focus on more money (further use of anxiety to drive you to earn more money ). Why can't your brain go with you? Why does it always make you unhappy? It is very simple. If you are satisfied, you will not be enterprising. In a cruel competitive environment, your unthinking genes will soon be eliminated. After a long screening, almost all the other genes are making money.
Genes).

Greedy, jealous, short-sighted, speculative, these nature may have successfully allowed our ancestors to take advantage of survival and reproduction in ancient times (unlike what some religious books call "Original Sin ", they are just the heuristics that adapt to the evolutionary psychological mechanism, judgment, and decision-making of specific social backgrounds. However, the situation in modern society has changed, sharing, cooperation, communication, long-term, and honest, these are ways to achieve success in modern society, but because our nature is not ready for this society (evolution takes time, because it takes too short time for humans to enter modern society, only a few hundred years ago, and even a few hundred years later, we had to wait for a moment. The gear of evolution needs to be eliminated after generations of reproduction, so we are still using the psychological and physiological mechanisms to adapt to ancient society). Therefore,We often need to use Rational voices to convince the original people in our hearts.. Fortunately, we can, on the premise that we must first understand ourselves.

11.
Habits. We often say, "It's easy to say and difficult to do ". The power of habit is far greater than our imagination. Many times we will have this experience: I have heard something very reasonable, but in a few days, I found myself again. I even learned some important things in a difficult situation and decided not to make the mistakes I made in the past. However, when I find myself making the same mistake unconsciously IN THE NEXT situation, who said that people will not step into the same river twice?

Perhaps the best way to deal with our strong habits is to write down what we think is right (whether it's what we understand through difficulties or failures, or what we see in books or hear what others say, and often look at it. In fact, my experience is that our brain will go into the rational analysis module to further test and reason for those principles. The more we examine the details, depth, and comprehensiveness of a truth, this is impressive in the brain. From the perspective of memory processing, this is called Deep processing. The result is that this memory is associated with more extraction clues, so we can be aroused in more scenarios (instead of being directly covered by previous habits)(Searching for the lost self).

 

(2) Do I understand what I have experienced?

1.
Silly and naive conditioned reflection. Conditioned reflection is a silly, real system-we often choose to give up our practices when we get stuck. However, hitting the south wall does not necessarily mean that the approach is wrong, but it may be just a poor time.Failure to get a good result does not mean that your process is wrong.. Some people study hard and find that their middle school students have made a fortune or have a good husband, so they come to a pessimistic conclusion that learning is useless. It can be imagined that if he changes his practice and waits for the opportunity to come all day, it may also be defeated. Similarly,Correct results do not mean that the method is correct.. This is especially evident in the financial market. It is especially true if the gorilla is lucky to choose stocks ("Black Swan. But does this mean that the method used is correct? The objective approach is:Focusing on the process, rather than focusing on the results of a single operation-because a good process may occasionally lose, but in the long run, statistics will inevitably lead to better results for a good process.. (Do not be a normal dumb.) Chapter 12th: "Is it a good cat to catch a mouse?-result bias .)

2.
Cognitive Bias. We have a variety of systematic cognitive prejudices: we often make incorrect interpretations and attributions of things (even if we are experienced), and sometimes it is "the case of the Board, the audience is clear ". Teacher Li xiaolai once told an interesting story that he had personally experienced:

My coach has an arm circumference of 43 cm, which is almost as thick as a common thigh. One time he told me how he practiced-When holding a dumbbell, he had to stick the edge of his palm to the dumbbell on the side of his body. In this case, the other end of the dumbbell will naturally flip a very small angle outward, and the arm flexion and extension can just make the muscles obtain the largest Qu Zhang stimulation. Then he smiled proudly and said, "How simple !" However, I suddenly realized another thing: His success did not come from the so-called "simple and mysterious technique", because I knew another fitness coach who had an arm circumference of 45 cm, I never saw the 45 cm-arm coach holding the dumbbell in this way. But they all succeeded. (From differences in mental power)

In fact, many winners are not reliable in their summary, that is, they are difficult to correctly attribute the reasons for their success. For example, we all have a tendency: the failure is attributed to external factors, and the success is attributed to your ability. (Psychology calls this self-service deviation ). In addition, there are various kinds of cognitive deviations in human thinking. Whether it is successful or failed, as long as you do not have a basic understanding of human thinking and psychological mechanisms, it is difficult to escape the influence of cognitive bias. As a start: You can also start from
So, start to read some classic thinking mistakes, or read
The Popular Science published by toplanguage: "areas not understood"
Critical Thinking

3.
Emotion System. We strongly rely on the need to experience a negative event to learn, becauseOur common decisions and judgments are strongly dependent on the output of the emotional system.If one thing "feels right", it is hard for us to persuade ourselves not to do it for good reasons. If one thing "feels wrong ", however, no matter how good the reason is, it is hard to persuade yourself to do it. This strong dependence on the emotional system makes rational evidence weak in the face of strong emotions. In fact, our intuition is indeed quite clever (blink, gut)
Feelings), but there are also a lot of failures (we have already provided an example in the previous article). The correct approach is not to listen to intuition in a general sense or not to listen in a general sense, instead, it serves as a heuristic judgment, and uses its own rational brain to perform further objective and logical tests (critical
Thinking ). We are able to control the emotional system to a certain extent. After all, the emotional system is only one of the decision-making systems in our evolutionary toolbox, not all. In addition, do not forget that the emotional system is just a rough decision-making system, and it is often used to adapt to ancient society rather than modern society (mean
Genes).

 

(3) understanding without experience --Rational power

We often do not have enough depth of thinking about things. After we think about things at a low level, if our emotional system or intuition has given a tendency, then few will continue to think deeply, and began to turn to start action. This kind of hasty attitude is often the origin of failure. after hitting the wall, we passively "let the facts tell us" A solution won't work,Let the facts replace us with thinking and reasoningWe get information from the failure and know why the previous method is inappropriate. This is why we sometimes think we need to experience it first. However, this does not mean that at any time we can only "discover after doing so ...", The most powerful capability of mankind isSocial learning--

Ordinary people learn from their own mistakes, smart people learn from others' mistakes.

Another of the most powerful human abilities is induction and reasoning --

A few lines of reasoning can change the way we see
World.()

We can think carefully and rationally about and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each choice, not just satisfy the emotional judgment..
Suppose we are faced with two choices: A and B. We canCombine others' experiences and use their own reasoning capabilitiesTo deduce the various possible advantages and disadvantages of option A or option B respectively. For uncertain factors, we canFurther collect more information from othersTo make the judgment more reliable, orMake some estimation of the risk's upper and lower boundsIn short, we tryLet the hypothetical roles in our brains go through failures-we find that a path does not work through reasoning, so we can avoid a glimpse into reality.

The farther we go in the brain, the more stable we go in reality. The more failures we encounter in the brain, the less failures we encounter in reality.

It is not necessary to know the answer in advance (the problem you are facing is that no one has ever explored before) to explore the problem yourself. At that time, we are no longer repeating the old path that others walk, but the explorer and innovator, because we are standing on the shoulders of others.

 

(4) tail

In fact, one of the most important capabilities of modern society is whether people canOthersOften, this type of person can quickly walk in front of others,Jump over where others fall. If we do everything, we will never make progress in history. We will only repeat the mistakes made by others from the very beginning, and repeat the traps of others, there is nothing new in the sunshine, and history will repeat itself forever. However, history tells us that this is not the case. Although many people even need to make some mistakes, many people can also learn from others' mistakes.

This is an information society and lessons learned from everyone. The knowledge of all people is spread over the Internet at an unprecedented speed. No matter what theme we care about, we can quickly find a pile of books and forums, web pages, however, whether you can obtain knowledge from them and avoid the push-ups that others have done, it depends on whether you have a pair of eyes that can be identified and a good thinking mind (seeHow to think clearlyOtherwise, soy sauce will always be used in the face of massive amounts of information.

 

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