IP address/subnet mask/default gateway/DNS Server/DHCP Server/wins server/netbios over TCP/IP

Reference Original address: http://www.cnblogs.com/JuneWang/p/3917697.html

IP Address:

IPv4

IP address = network number + host number

Subnet Mask:

A subnet mask is a basis for determining whether the IP addresses of any two computers belong to the same subnet . The simplest understanding is that the respective IP addresses of the two computers and the subnet mask after the and operation, the result is the same, the two computers are on the same sub-network, you can make direct communication

Gateway:

So what exactly is a gateway? A gateway is essentially an IP address of a network to another network. For example, network A and network B, network A's IP address range is "192.168.1.1~192." 168.1.254 ", the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0; The IP address range for Network B is" 192.168.2.1~192.168.2.254 "and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. In the absence of a router, TCP/IP communication between the two networks is not possible, even if the two network connections on the same switch (or hub), the TCP/IP protocol will determine the subnet mask (255.255.255.0) on the two network hosts in a different network.to achieve communication between the two networks, you must pass through the gateway. If the host in Network a discovers that the destination host for the packet is not on the local network, forwards the packet to its own gateway, which is then forwarded by the gateway to Network B's gateway, and the gateway of Network B is forwarded to a host on network B.(as shown in the attached drawings). The process by which network a forwards packets to network B. So, only set up the IP address of the gateway, the TCP/IP protocol can realize the mutual communication between different networks. So which IP address is the IP address of the machine? The IP address of the gateway is the IP address of the device with routing capabilities, a router with routing capabilities, a server with a routing protocol enabled (essentially a router), and a proxy server (also equivalent to a router). In the context of network interaction with Novell NetWare, the gateway acts as a bridge between the server information block (SMB) protocol used in the Windows Network and the NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) used by the NetWare network. Gateways are also known as IP routers. What is the default gateway?

The default gateway means that if a host cannot find an available gateway, it sends the packet to the default designated gateway, which handles the packet. The gateway used by the host is now generally referred to as the default gateway.

DNS server: DNSRefers to the domain name server. InThe domain name on the internet is one by one corresponding to the IP address, the domain name is easy for people to remember, but the machine can only know each other IP address, the conversion between them is called the domain name resolution, the domain name resolution needs to be done by a dedicated domain name resolution server, DNS is the server for domain name resolution. DHCP server:

The server controls an IP address range, and the client can automatically obtain the IP address and subnet mask assigned by the server when it logs on to the server.

The popular point is that theDHCP server is the server that automatically assigns the IP address and subnet mask to the computer

The biggest advantage of DHCP server is that it can prevent the IP address conflict of computer in LAN, prevent IP conflict and network instability. If we manually assign IP addresses, more computers, many of which may be divided into duplicate IP address, it is troublesome to change. Using the DHCP server to automatically assign IP functions, you can avoid this trouble, the router uniformly assigned IP address. The DHCP server assigns each IP address to a single computer, which guarantees the stability of the LAN.

WINS server:

WINS: A mapping of IP addresses and computer names is implemented. It centrally manages the computer name and IP address. Typically, these computer names are valid within an organization. For example, in a LAN you can access another computer by using the computer name, it has a process of querying the IP address, which is achieved through the WINS service

DNS: A mapping of IP addresses and domain names is implemented. This contact is more, it through the global distribution of DNS servers at all levels to resolve the relationship between the domain name and IP address, the realization of the domain name online.

NetBIOS over TCP/IP:

NetBIOS is a network protocol that was developed jointly by IBM and Sytec in the early 80 's, for the so-called pc-network. Although there are few published documents, the API of the Protocol becomes a de facto standard.

As Pc-network is replaced by Token Ring and Ethernet, NetBIOS should also exit the historical stage. However, because many software uses NetBIOS APIs, NetBIOS is adapted to a variety of other protocols, such as ipx/spx and TCP/IP

NetBIOS that uses Token Ring and Ethernet transport is now known as NetBEUI. It has been widely used before Micrsoft Windows 98 was released. NetBIOS, which runs on TCP/IP, is called NBT and is defined by RFC 1001 and RFC 1002. The basic idea of NBT is to simulate NetBIOS-based pc-network on an IP-based network. NBT introduced in Windows 2000, is now the preferred NetBIOS transfer

The basic flow of the ping program:

The general flow of host a ping Host B is as shown

IP address/subnet mask/default gateway/DNS Server/DHCP Server/wins server/netbios over TCP/IP