Large companies like to ask questions about the Java Collection class face

Large companies like to ask questions about the Java Collection class face

Read some of the so-called large companies of the Java interview problem, found that the use of the Java Collection class is more important, and in this respect really is really very little, take the time to learn to learn it.

Java.util package contains a series of important collection classes, and for the collection class, the main need to master is its internal structure, as well as iterating over the collection of iterative patterns.

Interface: Collection

Collection is the most basic set interface, and a collection represents a set of object, the collection element (Elements). Some collection allow the same elements while others do not. Some can sort and others can't. The Java SDK does not provide classes that inherit directly from collection, and the Java SDK provides classes that inherit from collection, such as list and set.

All classes that implement the collection interface must provide two standard constructors: a parameterless constructor is used to create an empty collection, and a constructor with a collection parameter is used to create a new collection. This new collection has the same elements as the incoming collection. The latter constructor allows the user to copy a collection.

One of the main interface methods: Boolean Add (Ojbect C)
Although a Boolean is returned, but not a success or not, the meaning of this return value represents whether the contents of the collection have changed (that is, the number of elements, the position, etc.) after the execution of the Add (). Similar addall,remove,removeall,remainall are the same.

with Iterator Pattern Implementation Traversal Collection

Collection has an important method: iterator (), which returns a iterator (iterator) that iterates through all the elements of the collection. The iterator pattern abstracts the access logic from different collection classes, thus avoiding exposing the internal structure of the collection to the client. Typical usage is as follows:

Iterator it = Collection.iterator (); Get an iterator

while (It.hasnext ()) {

Object obj = It.next (); Get the next element

}

There is no need to maintain a "pointer" that iterates through the collection, and all internal states are maintained by iterator, and this iterator is generated by the collection class through the factory method.

Each collection class may return different iterator specific types, but they all implement the iterator interface, so we don't need to care what kind of iterator it is, it just needs to get the iterator interface, which is the benefit of the interface, the power of object-oriented.

To ensure that the traversal process is complete, you must ensure that the contents of the collection are not changed during traversal (except for the Remove () method of iterator), so ensure that the traversal is reliable by using this collection only in one thread, or by synchronizing the traversal code in multiple threads.

The two interfaces that are derived from the collection interface are list and set.

List Interface

The list is an ordered collection, using this interface to precisely control where each element is inserted. The user is able to access the elements in the list using an index (where the element is positioned in the list, similar to an array subscript), similar to an array of java. Unlike the set mentioned below, the list allows the same elements.

In addition to the iterator () method, which has the collection interface prerequisites, the list also provides a listiterator () method that returns a Listiterator interface, compared to the standard iterator interface. Listiterator has a number of add () methods that allow you to add, delete, set elements, and traverse forward or backward.

The common classes that implement the list interface are Linkedlist,arraylist,vector and stacks.

LinkedList class

The LinkedList implements a list interface that allows null elements. Additionally LinkedList provides an additional Get,remove,insert method at the first or the tail of the LinkedList. These operations make the LinkedList available as a stack (stack), queue, or two-way queue (deque).

Note LinkedList does not have a synchronization method. If multiple threads access a list at the same time, you must implement access synchronization yourself. One workaround is to construct a synchronized list when the list is created:
List List = Collections.synchronizedlist (new LinkedList (...));

ArrayList class

ArrayList implements a variable-size array. It allows all elements, including null. ArrayList is not synchronized.
Size,isempty,get,set method run time is constant. But the Add method cost is the allocated constant, and adding n elements requires an O (n) time. Other methods run at a linear time.

Each ArrayList instance has a capacity (capacity), which is the size of the array used to store the elements. This capacity automatically increases as new elements are added, but the growth algorithm is not defined. When you need to insert a large number of elements, you can call the Ensurecapacity method before inserting to increase the capacity of the ArrayList to improve insertion efficiency.

Like LinkedList, ArrayList is also unsynchronized (unsynchronized).

Vector class

Vectors are very similar to ArrayList, but vectors are synchronous. The iterator created by the vector, although the same interface as the iterator created by ArrayList, but because the vector is synchronous, when a iterator is created and is being used, another thread changes the state of the vector (for example, Some elements have been added or removed, Concurrentmodificationexception will be thrown when the iterator method is called, so the exception must be caught.

Stack class

Stack inherits from Vector and implements a last-in-first-out stack. The stack provides 5 additional ways to make the vector available as a stack. The basic push and pop methods, and the Peek method to get the stack top element, the empty method tests if the stack is empty, and the search method detects the position of an element on the stack. Stack has just been created as an empty stack.

Set Interface

Set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements, that is, any two elements E1 and E2 have E1.equals (E2) =false,set have a maximum of one null element.

Obviously, the constructor of a set has a constraint that the passed-in collection parameter cannot contain duplicate elements.

Note: Variable objects (Mutable object) must be handled with care. If a mutable element in a set changes its state, causing Object.Equals (Object) =true will cause some problems.

Map Interface

Note that map does not inherit the collection interface, and map provides a key-to-value mapping. A map cannot contain the same key, and each key can only map one value. The map interface provides views of 3 collections, and the contents of the map can be treated as a set of key sets, a set of value collections, or a set of key-value mappings.

Hashtable class

Hashtable inherits the map interface to implement a key-value mapped hash table. Any object that is not empty (non-null) can be either a key or a value.

Add data using put (key, value), take out the data using get (key), the time overhead for these two basic operations is constant.

The Hashtable adjusts performance through the initial capacity and load factor two parameters. Normally the default load factor 0.75 is a good way to achieve a balanced time and space. Increasing the load factor can save space but the corresponding lookup time will increase, which will affect operations like get and put.

A simple example of using Hashtable is to put the three-to-one in the Hashtable, with their key being "single", "Two", "three":
Hashtable numbers = new Hashtable ();
Numbers.put ("One", New Integer (1));
Numbers.put ("n", New Integer (2));
Numbers.put ("Three", New Integer (3));

To take out a number, say 2, with the corresponding key:
Integer n = (integer) numbers.get ("a");
System.out.println ("both =" + N);

Because an object that is a key will determine the position of its corresponding value by calculating its hash function, any object that is a key must implement the Hashcode and Equals methods. The hashcode and Equals methods inherit from the root class object, and if you use a custom class as key, be quite careful, as defined by the hash function, if two objects are the same, i.e. obj1.equals (OBJ2) =true, Their hashcode must be the same, but if two objects are different, their hashcode may not be different, if the hashcode of two different objects is the same, this phenomenon is called a conflict, the conflict causes the time overhead of manipulating the hash table, so define the hashcode () as much as possible. method to speed up the operation of the hash table.

If the same object has different hashcode, the operation of the hash table will have unexpected results (expecting the Get method to return null), to avoid this problem, you need to keep in mind one: to replicate both the Equals method and the Hashcode method, rather than write only one of them.

The Hashtable is synchronous.

HashMap class

HashMap and Hashtable are similar, except that HashMap is non-synchronous and allows NULL, which is null value and null key. , but when HashMap is treated as collection (the values () method returns collection), its iterator operation time overhead is proportional to the capacity of HashMap. Therefore, if the performance of the iterative operation is quite important, do not set the initialization capacity of the hashmap too high or load factor too low.

Weakhashmap class

Weakhashmap is an improved hashmap, which implements a "weak reference" to key, which can be recycled by GC if a key is no longer referenced externally.

Summarize

• If it involves operations such as stacks, queues, and so on, you should consider using the list, for quick insertions, for deleting elements, should use LinkedList, and if you need to quickly randomly access elements, you should use ArrayList.
• If the program is in a single-threaded environment, or if access is done only in one thread, it is more efficient to consider non-synchronous classes, and if multiple threads may operate on a class at the same time, the synchronized classes should be used.
• Pay special attention to the operation of the hash table, and the object as key should correctly replicate the Equals and Hashcode methods.
• Try to return the interface rather than the actual type, such as returning a list instead of ArrayList, so that if you need to change ArrayList to LinkedList later, the client code does not have to be changed. This is for abstract programming.

Large companies like to ask questions about the Java Collection class face