Linux Learning (iii)

Source: Internet
Author: User

Introduction: Next Linux Learning (ii) VIM text editor says vim text editor
         u     撤销最近的更改         /*     撤销之前多次更改         U?    撤消光标落在这行后所有此行的更改         按ctrl?+ r    重做最后的“撤消”更改         .      重复前一个操作         n.    重复前一个操作n次         退出模式下                 e!   直接还原到文件最初打开状态
         v    面向字符选中         V    面向行选中         ctrl + v     面向块选中
        配置文件:永久有效        全局: /etc/vimrc        个人: ~/.vimrc
        扩展模式:当前vim进程有效                    set nu   显示行号                    set ic    忽略大小写
Four, shell scripting Basics 1.shell Scripting Basics
         格式要求:首行shabang机制                     "#!/bin/bash"                     "#!/usr/bin/python"                     "#!/usr/bin/perl"
2. Create a shell script
使用文本编辑器(例如vim)创建文本文件          第一行必须包括shell声明序列: "#!"                        例如:"#!/bin/bash"          添加注释                         注释以 "#" 开头
 shell脚本示例

 脚本调试           检测脚本中的语法错误                            bash -n           调试执行                   bash -x
3. Local Variables
变量赋值: name=‘value’    可以使用引用value:            (1) 可以是直接字串:name= "root"            (2) 变量引用: name="$USER"            (3) 命令引用: name=`COMMAND`  name=$(COMMAND)
 变量引用: ${name} $name      "":弱引用,其中的变量引用会被替换为变量值    ‘‘:强引用,其中的变量引用不会被替换为变量值,而保持原字符串
4. Exit status
进程使用退出状态来报告成功或失败     0 代表成功, 1-255代表失败     $? 变量保存最近的命令退出状态  (echo执行)
5. Arithmetic operations
实现算数运算        var=$[ 算术表达式 ]        var=$(( 算术表达式 ))        echo ‘算术表达式’ | bc

? What are the useful shortcuts when writing scripts ?
CTRL + Z can be saved to the background when writing scripts
?? FG back to Background script
BG See how many backstage
?? Shift +^ jumps to the beginning of the line
?? Shift +$ jumps to the end of the line
?? : e! Restore directly to the original state of the file

6. Logical operation
!  非,取反向结果( ! 加到前面,后面要有空格)
7. Condition Testing
 test  [ ]             [[ ]]

There must be a white space character before and after the brackets

 /usr/bin/[    相当于test man test  整理命令选项(解释很详尽,随时用随时查)
执行操作符       &&    并且,同时为真为真     相当于‘ -a‘         ||       或者,有一个假为假     相当于‘-o‘

     used in [[]]

数值测试       -gt     是否大于       -ge    是否大于等于       -eq    是否等于       -ne    是否不等于        -lt     是否小于                -le    是否小于等于

     There is a space before the space

字符串测试         ==     是否等于        !=    是否不等于         =~     左侧的字符串能否匹配右面的模式         -z      字符串是否为空         -n      字符串是否为不空

      Strings generally need to be caused by ""

文件测试      文件存在性及类别测试             -e FILE: 文件存在性测试,存在为真,否则为假             -f FILE:是否存在且为普通文件      文件权限测试:             -r FILE:是否存在且可读             -w FILE: 是否存在且可写             -x FILE: 是否存在且可执行       文件特殊权限测试:             -u FILE:是否存在且拥有suid权限             -g FILE:是否存在且拥有sgid权限             -k FILE:是否存在且拥有sticky权限       文件大小测试             -s FILE: 是否存在且非空
8.read command
read   接受输入      -p       显示输入的内容      -s       静默,不显示输入的内容      -t N     控制输入时间      -n N    控制输入字符的最大长度      -d 字符     结束符

Usually-P puts the last

9.bash configuration file
全局配置      /etc/profile      /etc/profile.d/*.sh      /etc/bashrc个人配置      ~/.bashrc      ~/.bashrc_profileprofile 类         /etc/profile        /etc/profile.d/*.sh        ~/.bashrc_profile    控制 :    环境变量  ; 运行命令或脚本bashrc  类        /etc/bashrc        ~/.bashrc     控制 :   命令别名和函数  ;  本地变量修改配置文件生效方法         重启shell进程          . 或 source(后面接文件路径命,中间有空格)
10. Two ways to log in
交互式登录          直接通过终端输入账号密码登录          使用“su - UserName” 切换的用户   执行顺序: /etc/profile  -->  /etc/profile.d/*.sh  --> ~/.bash_profile  -->  ~/.bashrc  -->  /etc/bashrc 非交互式登录   可以继承           su UserName           图形界面下打开的终端           执行脚本           任何其它的bash实例   执行顺序: ~/.bashrc  -->  /etc/bashrc  -->  /etc/profile.d/*.sh

Additional information about what you might be able to use
-: Normal file
D: Catalog file
B: Block device
C: Character device
L: Symbolic Link file
P: Piping File pipe
S: Socket file socket
Wall Broadcast
PING-W1-C1 is executed only once and waits one second
Stty-echo knocking command does not show no line break
Stty Echo Lift

Linux Learning (iii)

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