[Reprinted] breaking through technical bottlenecks how far is GIS from two-dimensional to three-dimensional?

I saw an article on 3snews about 3D GIS, which is well written and reproduced here. How far is GIS from two-dimensional to three-dimensional technology breakthrough?

Http://www.3snews.net/html/06/n-21706.html

Summary

　　Geographic InformationSystem (GISOriginated from North America, modern geography andSpatial InformationThe combination of science. After decades of development, GIS has evolved from an application system that only a few professionals can understand.Software.

　　3D GIS is an important trend of GIS Development

The advantage of GIS is that it can intuitively and directly display complex geographic information and has powerful spatial analysis functions. With the development of society, people are paying more and more attention to geographic information. Therefore, they have higher requirements for obtaining and using geographic information.

In recent years3DSimulationElectronic MapThe emergence of 3D maps gradually enters the public's field of view.GoogleThe emergence of Earth has attracted much attention in 3D GIS. 3D GIS not only breaks through the constraint of monotonous display of spatial information in two-dimensional planes, but also provides a better way for Information Interpretation and spatial analysis. It also provides more intuitive decision support for various industries. Therefore, the social application of spatial information requires the support of 3D GIS, which has become one of the important directions of GIS development.

　　3D GIS and 2D GIS

Like 2D GIS, 3D GIS requires the most basic spatial data processing functions, such as data acquisition, data organization, data manipulation, data analysis, and data performance. Compared with 2D GIS, 3D GIS has the following advantages.

The display of spatial information is more intuitive. Since people know how to recognize and transform the world through spatial information, spatial information mainly exists in graphical form. However, using a two-dimensional graphical interface to display spatial information is very abstract and can only be used by professionals. Compared with 2D GIS, 3D GIS provides a richer and more realistic platform for spatial information display, allowing people to visualize and visualize abstract and difficult spatial information, people can understand and make accurate and quick judgments based on their own experience. There is no doubt that 3D GIS has a unique advantage in visualization. Although the dynamic interaction visualization function of 3D GIS is applied to computer graphicsTechnologyAnd computer hardware have also put forward special requirements, but some advanced graphics card, workstation and projection devices with touch function gradually come out, not only can fully meet the visualization requirements of 3D GIS, it can also bring unexpected display and experience effects.

Multidimensional spatial analysis is more powerful. The analysis process of spatial information is often complex, dynamic, and abstract. In the face of a large number of spatial information with complex relationships, the spatial analysis function of two-dimensional GIS has certain limitations, for example, advanced spatial analysis functions such as flood analysis, geological analysis, Rizhao analysis, Spatial Diffusion Analysis, and visual analysis cannot be implemented using two-dimensional GIS. Because 3D data can be reduced to two-dimensional, 3D GIS can naturally accommodate the spatial analysis function of two-dimensional GIS. The powerful multi-dimensional spatial analysis function of 3D GIS not only spans the spatial analysis function of GIS, but also fully reflects the characteristics and superiority of GIS.

Of course, 3D GIS cannot completely replace 2D GIS, and there are still some problems and technical bottlenecks.

Expensive data investment. For GIS, data King is the most appropriate. A good system can only be a decoration in the absence of real-time and comprehensive spatial data. Obviously, data acquisition is crucial to GIS. Compared with 2D Spatial Data, acquisition of 3D spatial data is more expensive, especially for large-scale 3D scenario modeling. For a long time, low efficiency and high cost of 3D spatial data acquisition have become an important factor hindering the development of 3D GIS technology.

Technical bottleneck of massive data processing. Massive information management, spatial analysis, and spatial data organization are the core and key issues of GIS. They are the abstraction and expression of the real world. WithRemote SensingImages, Dem, a large number of three-dimensional models, and other spatial data integration applications, the rapid increase in data volumes, processing of massive data has become a technical challenge that 3D GIS must face. Currently, almost all 3D GIS platforms are dedicated to breaking through this technical bottleneck.

In addition to technical bottlenecks in data acquisition and processing, 3D GIS also spans some technical difficulties, such as volume storage, network transmission, data publishing, and data sharing, the root cause is that 3D GIS lacks the theoretical support of 3D spatial analysis.

　　Breaking through technical bottlenecks is the key for GIS to move towards the 3D age

Every emerging technology is advancing in twists and turns, and so is the 3D GIS technology. Although 3D GIS still faces some problems, these problems are gradually being solved.

In recent years, 3D data acquisition technology has made significant advances, especially aerial and near-scene photography measurement, airborne and ground laser scanning, and ground mobile measurement andGPSThe accuracy and speed of other sensors have been significantly improved. The improvement of technology greatly reduces the cost of data acquisition, which provides an important basic condition for the popularization of 3D GIS technology.

The rapid development of computer software and hardware makes it impossible to serve the masses with massive geographic information. Currently, the mainstream 3D GIS platform uses image rendering acceleration technology, multi-level models, and dynamic loading technology to quickly browse and process large-range and multi-scale multi-source massive 3D data, this makes it easy for people to roam massive 3D models and images on PCs.

Although we cannot know when the GIS transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional can be completed, the three-dimensional spatial analysis and processing technology is narrowing the distance between GIS and the general public day by day. How to break through technical bottlenecks is the key for GIS to move towards the 3D era.

　　The 3D era of GIS has arrived.

Given the advantages of 3D GIS,MilitarySimulation, communication base station site selection,ComprehensiveEmergency response and many other industries and fields have been widely used. At the same time, more and more GIS manufacturers have seen the development potential of the 3D GIS market. Besides foreign 3D GIS platformsSkylineIn addition to the open-source World Wind and Google Earth, a number of excellent 3D GIS platforms have emerged in China, suchBeijingGuoyao Xintiandi Information Technology Co., Ltd.DevelopmentOfEv-GlobeImagis,LingtuVrmap of Software Technology Co., Ltd. and infoearth telluromap of Wuhan Dida Information Technology Development Co., Ltd. In general, major 3D GIS manufacturers have their own advantages in technology.

Skyline provides powerful spatial information display functions, supports interactive plotting tools, and provides 3D Measurement and topographic analysis tools.DatabaseInterface Support, as shown in figureOracle, ArcSDE, with powerful data processing capabilities. Skyline still lacks professional spatial analysis, such as the lack of submerged analysis. Because skyline is a foreign 3D platform, the latest version has no Chinese version, and the localization speed is also slow.

The ev-globe map server is compatible with most of the functions of two-dimensional GIS, such as click query, box selection query, circle selection query, and other basic functions, in addition, it provides powerful functions such as buffer Analysis and Optimal Path analysis that are not available on the general 3D GIS platform. At the same time, it also provides spatial analysis features such as distance measurement, line segment section, line section, area immersion, and visual analysis. In addition, you can see smoke, flame, rain, snow, and other special effects in ev-globe. Ev-globe's advantages in spatial analysis can be said to be a collection of two-dimensional GIS and Three-dimensional GIS, favored by the domestic market.

Rapid reconstruction of 3D space scenarios with real surface textures and seamless combination of virtual modeling, various spatial analysis and attribute management functions based on real 3D scenarios, and massive image data unrelated to the amount of data display management functions. Its ODBC database interface and open database structure enable it to manage, analyze, display, and roam massive data, and implement functions similar to ArcInfo,MapInfo.

Vrmap uses the J2EE architecture to quickly and flexibly build a web-based three-dimensional business application system. At the same time, vrmap provides city-level network-based massive and fine-grained scenarios, allowing you to quickly create three-dimensional applications.

Infoearth telluromap is based on mainstream technical platforms. NET development, good product openness, flexible architecture, powerful 3D functions and GIS functions, support TB-level massive space and 3D model data release and application.

Although 3D GIS is one of the important development trends of GIS in the future, to some extent, it expands and enhances 2D GIS, only by providing multidimensional spatial information at the same time can GIS meet the increasing social needs. Advances in technology and the pull of user needs play a decisive role in the development of GIS from two dimensions to three dimensions. Undoubtedly, the 3D era of GIS has come quietly.