Shell more less cat

Cat continuous display, View File Content more Page View File Content less page control View File Content popular point: cat displays all the file content at a time, regardless of whether you can see clearly, after the cat command is displayed, it is returned. Interactive operations are not allowed. It is suitable for viewing files with short content and no more than one screen. more is more powerful than cat and supports pagination, you can ctrl + B ctrl + F ..... scrolling up or down the screen, but does not support operations such as shift + G (jump to the end of the file); less is bigger than more, supports various commands, flip pages, jump, search ..... if you want to see what you want, you can see what you love. Summary of less commands Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N. notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given. h H Display this help. q: q Q: q zz Exit. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- MOVING e ^ E j ^ n cr * Forward one line (or N lines ). y ^ Y k ^ K ^ P * Backward one line (or N lines ). f ^ F ^ v space * Forward one window (or N lin Es ). B ^ B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines ). z * Forward one window (and set window to N ). w * Backward one window (and set window to N ). ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. d ^ D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N ). u ^ U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N ). ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions ). ESC-(Lef TArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions ). F Forward forever; like "tail-f ". r ^ R ^ L Repaint screen. R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. --------------------------------------------------- Default "window" is the screen height. default "half-window" is half of the screen height. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEARCHING/pattern * S Earch forward for (N-th) matching line .? Pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line. n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence ). N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. ------------------------------------------------- Search patterns may be modified by one or more Of: ^ N or! Search for NON-matching lines. ^ E or * Search multiple files (pass thru end of file ). ^ F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for/) or last file (?). ^ K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position ). ^ R Don't use regular expressions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- JUMPING g <ESC-<* Go to first line in file (or line N ). g> ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N ). p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file ). t * Go to the (N-th) next tag. T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag. {([* Find close bracket})].})] * Find open bracket {([. ESC-^ F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>. ESC-^ B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1> unzip Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line. each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket matching the (N-t H) close bracket in the bottom line. m <letter> Mark the current position with <letter>. '<letter> Go to a previusly marked position. ''go to the previous position. ^ X Same '. --------------------------------------------------- A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. certain marks are predefined: ^ means beginning of the file $ means end of the file ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Changing files: e [file] Examine a new file. ^ X ^ V Same as: e.: n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.: p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.: x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.: d Delete the current file from the command line list. = ^ G: f Print current file name. ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- Miscellaneous commands-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. -- <name> Toggle a command line option, by name. _ <flag> Display the setting of a command line option. __< name> Display the setting of an option, by name. + cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined .! Command Execute the shell command with $ SHELL. | Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command. v Edit the current file with $ VISUAL or $ EDITOR. V Print version number of "less ". --------------------------------------------------------------------------- OPTIONS Most options may be changed either on the command line, or from within less by using the-or -- command. options may be Given in one of two forms: either a single character preceded by a-, or a name preceeded --.-? ........ -- Help Display help (from command line ). -........ -- search-skip-screen Forward search skips current screen. -B [N]... -- buffers = [N] Number of buffers. -B ........ -- auto-buffers Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. -c-C .... -- clear-screen -- CLEAR-SCREEN Repaint by scrolling/clearing. -d ........ -- dumb Dumb terminal. -D [xn. n]. -- color = xn. n Set screen colors. MS-DOS on Ly)-e-E .... -- quit-at-eof -- QUIT-AT-EOF Quit at end of file. -f ........ -- force Force open non-regular files. -F ........ -- quit-if-one-screen Quit if entire file fits on first screen. -g ........ -- hilite-search Highlight only last match for searches. -G ........ -- HILITE-SEARCH Don't highlight any matches for searches. -h [N]... -- max-back-scroll = [N] Backward scroll limit. -I ........ -- ig Nore-case Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. -I ........ -- IGNORE-CASE Ignore case in all searches. -j [N]... -- jump-target = [N] Screen position of target lines. -J ........ -- status-column Display a status column at left edge of screen. -k [file]. -- lesskey-file = [file] Use a lesskey file. -L ........ -- no-lessopen Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. -m-M .... -- long-p Rompt -- LONG-PROMPT Set prompt style. -n-N .... -- line-numbers -- LINE-NUMBERS Use line numbers. -o [file]. -- log-file = [file] Copy to log file (standard input only ). -O [file]. -- LOG-FILE = [file] Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite ). -p [pattern] -- pattern = [pattern] Start at pattern (from command line ). -P [prompt] -- prompt = [prompt] Define new prompt. -q-Q .... -- quiet -- QUIET -- silent- -SILENT Quiet the terminal bell. -r-R .... -- raw-control-chars -- RAW-CONTROL-CHARS Output "raw" control characters. -s ........ -- squeeze-blank-lines Squeeze multiple blank lines. -S ........ -- chop-long-lines Chop long lines. -t [tag] .. -- tag = [tag] Find a tag. -T [tagsfile] -- tag-file = [tagsfile] Use an alternate tags file. -u-U .... -- underline-special -- UNDERLINE-SPECIAL Change handling of ba Ckspaces. -V ........ -- version Display the version number of "less ". -w ........ -- hilite-unread Highlight first new line after forward-screen. -W ........ -- HILITE-UNREAD Highlight first new line after any forward movement. -x [N [,...] -- tabs = [N [,...] set tab stops. -X ........ -- no-init Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. -- no-keypad Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings. -y [N].... -- Max-forw-scroll = [N] Forward scroll limit. -z [N]... -- window = [N] Set size of window. -"[c [c]. -- quotes = [c [c] Set shell quote characters. -~ ........ -- Tilde Don't display tildes after end of file. -# [N]... -- shift = [N] Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- line editing These keys can be used to edit text being entered on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. rightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character. leftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character. CNTL-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word. CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-B Move cursor left one word. the HOME ESC-0 Moves cursor to start of line. end esc-$ Move cursor to end of line. BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor. delete esc-x Delete char under cursor. CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor. CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor. CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line. upArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line. downArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line. TAB Complete filename & cycle. SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. CNTL-L Complete filename, list all. HELP -- END -- Press g to see it again, or q when done