Test System Architecture designer-BSP

Since 1960s, as information systems have become more and more widely used in organizations, many scholars have begun to explore and study the strategic planning methods of information systems.

Years of research and practice have gradually formed some common information system planning methods:

· Business systems planning (BSP );

· Strategy set Transformation (SST );

· Key success factors (critical success factors, CSF );

· Business Information Characterization study (BICS );
 
· Business Information Analysis & integration technique, biait );

· Application System combination method (APA); method/1;

· Information Engineering Law (IE );

· Assumption surfacing ();

· Strategy grid (SG );

· Information Quality Analysis (IQA );

· Customer resource life cycle (crlc );

· Extended application system combination model (eapm );

· Value Chain Analysis (VCA );

· Strategic system planning (SSP ).

Each of the above strategic planning methods has its own characteristics and applicability. According to the development characteristics of information technology and information system, it can be divided into three stages: 6. electronic data processing (EDP) in 1970s and management information system (MIS) in the middle of 1980s) corresponding to the Decision Support System (DSS) and the Strategic Information System (SIS) that emerged in the early 1990s S, IT planning can also be divided into three stages.

Information system planning during the electronic data processing period

Although computers were used in a small number of enterprises in the early 1950s s, their application and promotion started from the middle and late 1960s S. In the 60 or 70 s, the emphasis was placed on computer hardware and software technologies. At that time, computers and minicomputers were mainly used, which were expensive. Information Systems (mostly data processing systems and data processing-DP) were mainly used for data processing. Improving operational efficiency through automation of information processing is the main goal of IT planning theory and practice at this stage.
During this period, the IT planning methodology system has been greatly developed, and a number of influential methodologies have emerged, such as IBM's enterprise system planning, strategic set transfer, and key success factors, till now, IT planning has guided most enterprises.

IBM, BSP (business systems planning), enterprise system planning

Enterprise System Planning is a method that IBM developed as an internal system in early 1970s. It is mainly based on the idea of using information to support enterprise operation. 1 shows that the whole process is to transform the enterprise's goal into an information system strategy. The steps are top-down planning and bottom-up implementation. The BSP method identifies an enterprise's processes by analyzing its mission, goals, and functions. It identifies data classes based on enterprise entities and business processes, finally, data classes are summarized and combined based on the principles of database analysis and design. The final BSP planning report will provide a global information system structure and implementation scheme of each subsystem. The BSP method emphasizes that the support and participation of senior management personnel is the key to the success or failure of planning. The disadvantage of the BSP method is that, although it emphasizes the goal, it does not have an obvious target determination process, that is, it must first obtain the enterprise goal to obtain the information system goal. The following sections describe the implementation process of this methodology in enterprises.

King, SST (strategy set transformation), strategic set transfer method

The strategic set transfer method was proposed by William R. King in 1978. It regards the strategic goal of the entire Organization as an "information set ", it consists of missions, goals, strategies, and other strategic variables (such as management habits, complexity of reform, and constraints on important environmental variables. The strategic collection transfer method provides a method to Associate Strategic Planning of information systems with organizational strategies, and transform organizational strategies into information system strategies. The process of this method is to first identify the strategic set of an organization and then convert it into an information system strategy, including the objectives, constraints, and organization and design principles of the information system, finally, submit the structure of the entire information system.

Rockart, CSF (critical success factors), key success factor method

The key success factor method is an information system planning method proposed by MIT professor John rockart at the end of 1970s. Step 2 shows how to understand the enterprise's development strategy and related enterprise issues through communication with senior managers, then, identify the key success factors of the enterprise, define the performance indicators of key success factors, and finally define the data dictionary of the enterprise. Determine the priority of Information Resource Allocation Based on the key success factors of the enterprise, and help the enterprise explore new opportunities using information technology.

The CSF method can intuitively guide senior managers to look at the relationship between the entire enterprise and information technology. This is the advantage of the CSF method. However, when analyzing information requirements at a lower level, efficiency is not very high.

Information system planning during the management information system and decision support system Period

From the late 1970s s to the mid-1980s S, the popularization and application of micro-computers have witnessed amazing development, the cost of computer hardware has been greatly reduced, and the operating system and database technology has been greatly developed, the computing environment of enterprises has been greatly improved, and the application of information systems in organizations has been paid more and more attention. Information technology and information systems have been developed to management information systems (MIS) and the Decision Support System (DSS) era, the main objectives of information technology and information systems are gradually shifting from improving data processing efficiency to meeting information requirements, supporting decision-making, improving management efficiency, and meeting the needs of professional groups, so as to achieve organizational goals.

During this period, the IT planning theory has been further enriched and developed. Some scholars have begun to pay attention to business strategy planning) the relationship between IT planning and the external environment of the enterprise and the mutual influence of IT planning have gradually attracted more and more attention. At the same time, some achievements have been made in the implementation of IT planning methodology, such as mcfarlan, application portfolio approach, application system combination method, Arthur Anderson and Co ., method/1, Martin, information engineering, information engineering method.

James Martin, ie (Information Engineering), Information Engineering Law

The information engineering method is based on James Martin's years of research on the success and failure of the information system. Based on a series of practical investigations and theoretical analysis, he has integrated a variety of information system planning methods, A set of IT planning theories and methods proposed in early 1980s. The information engineering method provides technical means for establishing enterprise models, data models, and process models. Its basic and core is strategic data planning (SDP ), this method first establishes an enterprise model through business analysis. Secondly, it establishes a topic data model through entity analysis. Finally, it analyzes the data distribution and combines the data storage location, determine the content and structure of the topic database and develop database development strategies. Step 3 of strategic data planning is shown. In short, the Information Engineering Method is a technology-oriented method to a large extent.

Holand, SSP (strategic systems planning), Strategic System Planning

Strategic system planning is an IT planning method proposed by Holand System Corporation in the middle of 1980s. It first defines the functional model of an enterprise by analyzing its main functions; based on the information requirements of enterprises, data entities and topic databases are generated to obtain the global data structure of enterprises. Then, the system structure of the Global Information System is identified, finally, submit the implementation scheme and plan of the information system. SSP and BSP have many similarities in specific steps of IT planning.

Mcfarlan, SG, strategic grid, strategic Grid Method

The strategic Raster Method is also an IT planning method proposed by mcfarlan and other scholars in early 1980s. This method is a diagnostic tool for understanding the functions of information systems in enterprises, it uses raster table (4) to determine four different information system strategic planning conditions based on the current application project and the strategic impact of the expected application project, that is, strategy, conversion, factory, and assistance. Each square in the raster table determines the location of information activities in the enterprise. By analyzing the potential impact of the current application project and the development application project, it can diagnose the current status and adjust the strategic direction. If the analysis result shows that the Organization's information system is in a "strategic" position, it indicates that the work of the information system is crucial to the Organization's current competitive strategy and future strategic direction; if the analysis result is in the "Auxiliary" position, it indicates that the information system application is an aid to the activities of the organization. If the analysis result is in the "Factory" position, it indicates that the application of the information system is extremely important for the successful implementation of those strict regulations and widely accepted activities, but the information system is not a part of the strategy; if it is in the "Conversion" position, it indicates that the information system is switching from a secondary position to a strategic position.

Information system planning during the strategic information system Period

Since the end of 1980s, due to the rapid development of information technology composed of computer, automation, and communication technologies, information systems have been widely used in enterprises and organizations, as information systems become increasingly mature and indispensable in enterprises and organizations, people are increasingly emphasizing the Integration of Information System goals and organizational goals, and even include ISP in their organizational strategies, it can also provide strategic support for the development of the Organization and create strategic competitive advantages for the Organization. During this period, some scholars analyzed the internal and external environments of the Organization and demonstrated that the information system can bring potential opportunities and long-term competitive advantages to the Organization, the method of integrating strategic planning of enterprises with strategic planning of information systems is studied, and a large number of examples are studied and demonstrated.

During this period, the IT planning methodology system and implementation methods are based on absorbing the advantages of the previous methods, emphasizing integration with organizational strategies and how to create strategic competitive advantages for the Organization, it mainly includes the customer resource life cycle method (Ives & learmonth) of Ives & learmonth and the extended application portfolio model (Extended Application System Combination Method) of Wiseman)

Port, VCA, value-chain analysis, Value Chain Analysis

Value Chain Analysis was proposed by port in the middle of 1980s. Value Chain Analysis shows that information technology plays a key role in the strategic direction of an organization. It regards an organization as a collection of input, conversion, and output activities, each activity may generate value-added behaviors relative to the final service or product and contribute to the competitive position of the enterprise. Information technology is used to identify and set up an "Information Booster" in the value chain ", the entire value chain can be added to the overall value, thus improving the competitive advantage of the organization.

John Handerson, Sam, strategy alignment model, strategic consistency Model

The strategic consistency model was proposed by John Handerson in Harvard Business School in 1994. It aims to help enterprises check the consistency between business strategies and information architectures. 5.

According to the above model, China's enterprise informatization is at different stages of development and there are three routes, as shown in table 1.

From the development history of IT planning, early research focuses on planning methods to help it planners use system support to achieve organizational goals. In the middle of the 1980s s, A lot of research focuses on how to identify is/IT opportunities to gain competitive advantage. In the late 1980s S, we began to study and analyze internal processes and data distribution types across the organization. At the same time, we found that it planning using modern methods and technologies did not solve the long-term problems in system planning, or the planning scope was too narrow. After the 1990s s, it has become a weapon for enterprises to win the competition. A large number of studies believe that IT planning is closely related to large-scale strategic planning of enterprises during this period. The main task of IT planning is to connect with corporate strategies, this is also one of the most important issues that senior managers and IT managers need to face together.

The IT planning process varies according to different IT planning methods, but it also has many commonalities. Some researchers have summarized the general steps of IT planning, as shown in figure 6.

Step 1: determine basic planning problems, including planning methods, methods, and time limits;

Step 2: collect initial input information, including the Enterprise's external environment information, enterprise's strategy, objectives, plans, and other information;

Step 3: identify the current situation evaluation and resource constraints of the enterprise, including the evaluation of the existing hardware conditions, personnel quality and technical level of the enterprise, as well as the resource constraints related to the enterprise, such as people, finance, things, and time;

Step 4: set goals, including service quality, scope, policy, organization, and personnel. This is jointly developed by the enterprise's senior management and planning board. It includes not only the goals of IT planning, but also the goals of the entire enterprise, these objectives are also an important measurement criteria for evaluating the quality and effectiveness of information system planning in the future;

Step 5: prepare the information system planning matrix, which is actually a matrix composed of the relations between the information system planning content, and determine the content and implementation priority;

Step 6-9: identify the activities listed in the planning matrix, list one-time project activities, list repetitive and regular activities, and select the best combination of activities;

Step 10-13: Determine the project implementation priority, estimate the project cost, prepare the project implementation progress plan, write the Information System Planning report, and submit the report to the Planning Board and senior manager for approval.