The open-source design structure is surprisingly consistent with the OSI model.

Bkjia.com exclusive Article] When I started programming, I was given a lot of help by considering the OSI model Open System Interconnection Reference Model. Figure 1 is an example of a simple layer-5 OSI model. This type of model can help you code or manage a system, so that you can debug the system more effectively at the appropriate layer. I found that I have applied this logic to many other fields, which can help me analyze the details of a problem.

Simple Layer-5 OSI model

Recently, I have been focusing on bandwidth statistics and researching different business models. So let me start this article around the hybrid model and network based on the concept of OSI framework. I often hear other people try to compare the open source code with the Web and the Internet). This makes me think carefully about the relationship between them, and then I find something interesting. Next let me use an OSI-like model to include the Protocol, but not limited to the Protocol) from the bottom up to start my description.

Physical Layer, data link layer, Network Layer

For the Internet, not only Ethernet) standards, there are other electrical specifications, such as bridges, switches, host adapters, and signal operations on copper and optical cables. Many protocols such as ATM, Frame Relay, IPv4/v6, IPSec, RIP, and X.25 are available on these layers. However, Internet is not just a protocol. For example, AT&T, Quest, and Level 3 have developed hundreds of miles of physical layer optical cables, along with transport infrastructure providers such as Foundry, Juniper Networks, and Cisco, allow Internet exchange information services to communicate with each other.

Transport Layer and Session Layer, presentation layer, Application Layer

Now we have some layers to move data between end users and programs. There is no doubt that the Internet is based on TCP/IP and UDP ). TCP/IP has been used for more than 25 years. Due to its wide spread and great success, it has become an open standard. On this layer, other important services and protocols include POP3, SMTP, SSH, HTTP, DNS, and instant messaging protocols ). These protocols are either open source software or non-open source software. The key is that communication has standard protocols. On this layer, there are other suppliers similar to transport infrastructure, such as Akamai, VitalStream, BitTorrent, and Amazon S3, which provide a content delivery network.

It is particularly important to note that all the above mentioned layers have some other technologies in the past, but most of them are now gone or terminated. When I was working in IBM, my laptop was using a network architecture type of Token ring Based on the Token Network) Adapter, just as many IBM offices do not have Ethernet, however, only the starting ring network must be aware that this is true four years ago ). Does anyone use Token ring, RUDP, or FDDI more now? Each of these items is rarely used or disappears. I'm sorry, this is because 1) There are some better alternatives. 2> they lack practicality and value for consumers, users, or businesses. This is due to positive market orientation: we need better, more valuable, and more appropriate technologies and standards.

Another important thing is that the non-OSI layer is on top of all these layers, and the non-OSI layer is the content directory ), it drives the growth of Web and broadband, and the number of global broadband connections increased by 33% last year ). In my subjective understanding, 'content' is YouTube, MySpaces, Yahoo, MSN, and Google. Every day, a large amount of data people desire will be gathered and spread on them. There are also a large number of advertisements. Of course, this is a supply-demand relationship between all stack infrastructure and content users, and there is also a positive market orientation. For example, Level 3 is well known for its growth in Optical Fiber traffic and its tax revenue, and it needs higher bandwidth. Comcast has contracted 12 million users to provide them with cable-based broadband connections. Broadband penetration in Western Europe is growing faster than that in U. S., and Japan now has a contract of 7.9 million fiber-to-households. Home Media and telephone technologies will also be integrated into these huge cables, from TiVo to iPhone to Windows Mobile devices. All surprising applications will be continuously spread to thousands of households due to the growth of such broadband. Let's look back at the gap between the number of online videos we saw three years ago and today's.

So, what is the relationship between all these? Of course, without such useful and appropriate standards as TCP/IP and HTTP, we cannot develop our network so fast. Without physical fiber and Backbone Providers, IXPs/ISPs, and router manufacturers, we cannot have today's Web. Without software such as Apache, IIS, FireFox, Internet Explorer, and so on, we cannot use the Internet as we do today. Finally, if we don't have something to do on the Web, such as watching news on Yahoo, shopping on eBay, chatting over Skype, watching videos on YouTube, or a social network like MySpace, or an online office, the Internet will only become a pure technical environment or, as the BBC columnist Bill Thompson said, it will only be a tool, allows computer scientists to find a way to share time on expensive large computers .) Open source code, ownership, infrastructure, protocols and standards ...... There is still a lot of hard work and innovation, all of which are on the Web we are using today. It is like a Web composed of a hybrid directory, with a mix of software, hardware, network infrastructure, and communities, all of which are necessary components of Internet subjects.

Open source code and business models, software, and hardware are all the same, and the truth is the same as that of Web. Their consistency proves that their combination is amazing and powerful. The challenge to OSI authority is to dig deeper, not just stay on the surface. In reality, there is a strong combination of hybrid models in software design/development, certification, and commercial markets.

Original article address:Http://port25.technet.com/archive/ 2007/04/26 /Layers. aspx

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