best probability textbook

Markov process: The Markov process is divided into three kinds according to whether the state and time parameters are continuous or discrete: 1. The time and the state are all discrete called Markov chains, 2. Time and state are called Markov processes continuously, 3. Time continuous, state discrete Markov chain called continuous time. The Markov process is characterized in that the state of the process in the T-time (T>T0) is related only to the moment T0 when the process is in a known condit

Maximum likelihood estimation MLE Given a bunch of data, if we know it is randomly taken out of a distribution, we do not know the specific parameters of the distribution, that is, "the model has been set, the parameter is unknown." For example, for linear regression, we assume that the sample is subject to a normal distribution, but does not know the mean and variance, or for logistic regression, we assume that the sample is subject to two-item distribution, but does not know the mean, the logi

Do projects sometimes get an activity or something, to let users participate, both to attract users to register, but also improve the user activity of the site. At the same time to participate in the user will receive a certain prize, there are 100% of winning, there is a certain probability of winning, big such as the ipad, small in a Q currency. Then we will certainly design the algorithm in the program, that is, in accordance with a certain

Original link: http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/thread-106012-1-1.htmlparticle size probability plot and particle size population (high slope rolling-jumping-suspension three-segment)The particle-size cumulative probability curve is an important phase mark used in sedimentary facies analysis, but most of the time only indicates that "a few sections of the main development of the high slope and low slope of such a d

The Monte Hall problem is a mathematical game problem derived from game theory. It is roughly from the TV game program "Let's Make a Deal ". The name of the question comes from Zhu's role as Monty.Hall ). In this game, contestants will see three closed doors, one of which is followed by a car. Then the contestant selects a door and the host opens one of the remaining two doors to reveal one goat. Afterwards, the host will ask the contestants if they want to change to another closed door. This is

Check the difficulty of problems Time limit:2000 ms Memory limit:65536 K Total submissions:3191 Accepted:1416 Description Organizing a programming contest is not an easy job. To avoid making the problems too difficult, the organizer usually failed CT the contest result satisfy the following two terms: 1. All of the teams solve at least one problem. 2. The Champion (one of those teams that solve the most problems) solves at least a certain num

Poj 3744 Scout yyf I (matrix optimization probability), pojyyf Http://poj.org/problem? Id = 3744 There are n mines. The starting position of a person is 1. The probability of each step is p. The probability of two steps is 1-p, and the position of n mines is given, ask the probability of successful exit from the minef

Title Link: Http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/148/DThe main topic: a bag of W White mouse, b black Mouse; A and b take the mouse in turn (not put back), who first caught microscope, who win; because B rude, every time a mouse, will run out of a first;The probability of seeking a win;Topic Analysis:This kind of probability DP state is fixed, DP (i, j) indicates the

Title Description:Write a random shuffle function. 52 of the required wash out! All kinds of combinations are equal probabilities. That is, the probability of a combination you wash out is 1/(52!). Assume that you have a perfect random number generator.Problem Solving Ideas:This is a probability problem.Random Shuffle, the purpose is to do randomness, require each card to appear the

A simple lottery probability function Absrtact: This function is mainly to determine the probability range of the random number generated ... A simple lottery probability function: /*** Simple lottery probability function * @param array $rewardArray probability, such as: $

Test instructions: In ACM Contest, the n question, the T team. Give each team the probability of doing each question, ask each team at least one question, at least one team to do at least the probability of the M problemAnalysis: dp,f[i][j] indicates the probability of the first team doing the question J. G[I][J][K] Indicates the

Problem: A small island, represented as a square n × N, from (0, 0) to (N-1, N-1), a person standing on the island, location (x, y), he can go up and down, one step is a grid, and the possibility of selecting top, bottom, and left is the same. When he leaves the island, it means death. If he is going to take K steps, how likely is his death? Analysis I: The probability is required. First, the number n of all paths and the number M of outbound paths a

: This article mainly introduces the php winning probability algorithm. if you are interested in the PHP Tutorial, you can refer to it. We will first complete the PHP process in the background. The main task of PHP is to configure the awards and the corresponding winning probability. when the front-end page clicks a box, we will want PHP to send ajax requests in the background, then, based on the configurat

Probabilistic algorithm for winning lottery programs written by PHP This article to share is the PHP winning probability algorithm, can be used for scraping cards, large turntable and other lottery algorithm. The usage is very simple, the code has the detailed comment explanation, one sees to understand, has the need small partner to refer to. We first completed the background PHP process, the main work of PHP is responsible for the allocation of pri

Question: A function Foo can return 0, 1 with a probability of 3: 2. Now it is required to write a fun2 and return 0, 1 with an equi probability. This Is What Baidu says when I see an interview question. One function fun can return values 0 and 1. The probability of returning values 0 and 1 is 1/2. How can we use this function to get another function fun2 so th

Description ProblemExpect CT the expectedInput:Standard Input Output:Standard output Some mathematicalbackground.This problem asks you to compute the expected value of arandom variable. If you haven't seen those before, the simple definitions areas follows.Random VariableIs a variable that can have one of severalvalues, each with a certain probability. the probabilities of each possiblevalue are positive and add up to one.Expected ValueOf a randomvar

PHP lottery algorithm code for winning probability. In the early stage, based on the online data, we adopted a step-by-step extraction method. let's take a look at the overall program: The program was completed under the ThinkPHP framework, in the early stage, based on the information on the Internet, we adopted a step-by-step extraction method. let's take a look at the overall program: This program was completed under the ThinkPHP framework, some bui

The probabilistic graphical model series is explained by Daphne Koller In the probabilistic graphical model of the Stanford open course. Https://class.coursera.org/pgm-2012-002/class/index) Main contents include (reprinted please indicate the original source http://blog.csdn.net/yangliuy) 1. probabilistic Graph Model Representation and deformation of Bayesian Networks and Markov networks. 2. Reasoning and inference methods, including Exact Inference (variable elimination, clique trees) and appro

Skew (skewness) In probability theory and statistics, skewness measures the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real random variable. The value of skewness can be positive, negative or even undefined. In quantity, a negative bias (negative bias) means that the tail of the left side of the probability density function is longer than the right,

The maximum likelihood estimate is a wonderful thing, and I think the person who invented this estimate is particularly talented. If it were me, it would be hard to think of it.The maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian estimation represent the viewpoints of the frequency and Bayesian factions respectively. The frequency faction thinks, the parameter is the objective existence, only then is unknown. Therefore, the frequency faction most concerned about the maximum likelihood function, as lon