This article describes the basic working principles of routers in TCP/IP networks, introduces several functions of IP routers, and provides Static Routing and dynamic routing protocols, as well as the concept of the internal gateway protocol and the external gateway protocol, and briefly introduces the most common RIP, OSPF, BGP and BGP-4 routing protocols, then, it describes the design objectives and types
This article describes the basic working principles of routers in TCP/IP networks and introduces several functions of IP routers, the static and dynamic routing protocols, as well as the concepts of the internal gateway protocol and the external gateway protocol are given, at the same time, the most common RIP, OSPF, BGP and BGP-4 routing protocols are briefly introduced, and then the design objectives and
. these symptoms can display console messages to the group's error route forwarding (connectivity problems) from the system ). 2. Command and
Program
Win
. Ping
. ARP-
. Ipconfig [/All]
. Tracert
. Winipcfg
In Unix
. Ifconfig-
. Traceroute
. Route-n
Cisco IOS commands
Used to isolate Address Resolution
. Show IP ARP
. Debug ARP
Isolate BGP Problems
. Show ip bgp -- display the content of the current
, spoke ends cannot communicate with each other.3. Complex MPLS VPNAdjust the inter-access relationship between WG: RT2 and RT3 are the central end. The central end can communicate with each other. RT4 and RT5 are the branches, and the branches can only access the central end.I. configuration of IGP and MPLS in the MPLS backbone networkIi. MP_IPGP RR commissioningRT1:Router bgp 65000No synchronizationNeighbor rrc peer-group // create a peer group name
are a shared bandwidth, at the same time only two ports to transmit data other ports can only wait, while the hub only works in half-duplex mode, and for the switch, each port has an exclusive bandwidth, While two ports work without affecting the work of other ports, the switch can operate in half-duplex mode and work in full-duplex mode.4. Autonomous systems as and routing protocols?? The multi-Exit autonomous system (multihomed as), which has more than one autonomous system connected to other
simple to review the Calico architecture and key components to facilitate understanding.
Calico Architecture
Calico is a three-tier data center network solution and facilitates integrated OpenStack, an IaaS cloud architecture that delivers highly efficient and controllable communication between VMS, containers, and bare-metal.
Combined with this picture above, we've been through Calico's core components: Felix,calico agent, running on each node that needs to run workload, is mainly responsible
. Forwarding is the best path for transmitting data packets along the path finding.
IP route selection methods include static and dynamic routing, direct and indirect routing, single-path and multi-path routing, hierarchical routing and non-hierarchical routing, intra-Domain Routing and domain query routing, and distance. vector routing and link status routing. Routing selection using RoutingAlgorithmTo calculate and determine the optimal transfer path to the destination.
The routing protocol
router, that is, the Label Edge Router LER In the MPLS network ), it processes the VPN data from the CE router or the label exchange path LSP according to the stored route information and forwards the data. It is also responsible for exchanging route information with other PE routers; P router is the main router of the carrier network, that is, the label exchange router LSR In the MPLS network. It transparently forwards the VPN data according to the outer label of the group, the P router only m
. Link status requests (link state request) are grouped, like the other party requests to send details of certain link-state items.4, Link status updates (link State update) group, with flooding method to update the link state of the whole network.5. Link state acknowledgment (link acknowledgment) grouping, confirming the grouping of link updates.To enable OSPF to be used in large networks, OSPF divides an autonomous system into smaller ranges called regions. Represents an autonomous system divi
industries are constantly merged and then merged. I wonder why we should not study the business model of the civil aviation industry. The separation of management right and experience right means that the airport manages the airport, the aviation business manages the aviation business, and the airport will only achieve a win-win situation, the aviation business will only compete, and the ultimate benefit is consumers.If the problem is incorrect, let's talk about this dual-line solution,
The c
Anycast) refers to the communication between the nearest receivers in the topology of any sender in a group. In comparison, multicast refers to a communication between a sender and a specified receiver. unicast refers to a communication between a sender and a receiver.
Anycast is a method used to update a route table in IPv6. When a host updates the route table of a host group, it first sends data to the n
its current vro, that is, the mobile node can know whether the current vro is reachable at any time, at the same time, the router can also know whether the node can continue to be reachable. If the mobile node detects that the current vro is no longer available, it will request another vro. MobileIPv4 only provides a forward detection mechanism, that is, the router can check whether the mobile node is reachable at any time, but the mobile node cannot detect whether the router is reachable.
◆ Ro
address of the mobile node.
Dynamic home proxy address discovery mechanism
In IPv6, an address called "anycast" is defined, and it is also an address group where all the machines in the address group receive packets sent to this "anycast" address, but only one machine responds to the packet. Mobile node on the home link all routers are configured as "Mobile-ipv6 anyc
multiple different IP addresses, depending on the geographic location of the user. Such a different server is not able to update the synchronization state, but it is good to map the static content.4>anycast is a routing technology that maps multiple physical hosts to an IP address. The drawback is that anycast and TCP protocols are not well adapted, so they are rarely used in those scenarios. Most DNS serv
S8016 high-end vro switches provide VPN services for users based on the operating MPLS network, including layer-2 and layer-3 mpls vpn, and provide complete solutions for enterprise interconnection of different scales and scopes.
I. S8016 L3 VPN Function
1. Overview
MPLS/bgp vpn can provide a network-based VPN for network operators. This VPN is easy to manage, expandable, and can be connected between any node, network users do not have to worry about
interfaces can still be telnet, that is, the TCP connection to this vro still exists. Therefore, the selected telnet address must never be down, and the virtual interface meets this requirement. Because this type of interface does not require interconnection with the peer end, the address of the loopback interface is usually specified as a 32-bit mask to save address resources.
Use this interface address as the router id of the Dynamic Routing Protocol OSPF and
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1. Network Environment Description
1.1 Region
① The accessibility of routes in the region is provided by its IGP
② The Regional Border Router simultaneously runs the IGP and BGP processes in the region
③ When there are multiple regional border routers in the region, if there is a direct connection link between these routers, a fully i
Relationships650) this.width=650; "src=" http://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/70/C1/wKioL1W9o1-CjQC8AAIBwb-iTG8477.jpg "title=" Figure 3.png "alt=" Wkiol1w9o1-cjqc8aaibwb-itg8477.jpg "/>To configure redistribution:Configure the import and export of Route-target in the VRF, if it is multiple VRF, be sure to note the entry.IP VRF EIGRP100Rd 100:100Route-target Export 100:100Route-target Import 200:200!IP VRF EIGRP200Rd 200:200Route-target Export 200:200Route-target Import 100:100Configure
relatively complicated. To determine the optimal route, the routing algorithm must start and maintain the route table containing route information. The routing information varies depending on the routing algorithm used.
The routing algorithm fills in different information collected in the routing table, and tells the router about the relationship between the destination network and the next stop (nexthop) according to the route table. The router interconnection information is updated, and the r
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