modulation, multiple access technology and receiver fields. In the field of coding and modulation, we will focus on Nonlinear Multi-user pre-encoding, new combined modulation coding, network coding and other technologies. In the field of multi-access technology, we focus on non-orthogonal multi-access technology. In the receiver field, the key research can support full-duplex transmission of new waveforms and short wireless links in Multi Input and Multi Output transmission. The combination of
China's LTE commercialization is approaching, and the industry's attention to the subsequent evolution of LTE has reached a new peak. Compared with 3G, LTE significantly improves the spectrum efficiency. However, the industry has not stopped. A few years ago, 3GPP began to research and develop the LTE-Advanced standard, and a series of technologies that can effectively improve the performance of existing LTE Networks emerged.
Among them, the two most important technologies are carrier aggregatio
4G In fact and five-mode 13-frequency is a means to support five-mode 13-frequency mobile phone, that is, support China Mobile and Unicom's 2G, 3g,4g network, that is, double 4G. Such a mobile phone as long as the mobile card, is to support the mobile 2G, 3G, 4G network, if the Unicom card, support Unicom 2G, 3G, 4G network, it is omnipotent.
What is the difference between the four and 13/17 frequencies?
In fact, the frequency of network system, re
the next chapter, that is, the fourth chapter, we will know that the complex Fourier transform is a more advanced transformation than this simple substitution form.
The fourth chapter, the plural form discrete Fourier transform
The complex form of the discrete Fourier transform is a very clever use of the method of complex numbers, making the Fourier transform transformation more natural and concise, it is not simply to use the substitution method to use complex numbers, but completely from th
In video digitalization, the selection of Brightness Signal Sampling frequency should be considered from the following four aspects:
1) First, the sampling theorem is satisfied, that is, the sampling frequency should be twice the video bandwidth. If the brightness signal bandwidth by is 6 MHz, FS> = 2b = 12 MHz
2) to ensure that the sampling structure is orthogonal, the sampling frequency fs should be an integer multiple of the row frequency FH, that is, FS = N * FH
3) in order to facilitate int
, this is because the results obtained by using the complex numbers are consistent with the original positive cosine calculation results. However, we must be careful with the complex numbers operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, some operations cannot be used, such as adding two sine signals and adding them in the form of plural. The result obtained is the same as that obtained before replacement, however, if two sine signals are multiplied, the result is diffe
In recent years, all major MP3 manufacturers have made great efforts in sound effects. Although it is said that it is not killing you to death, however, this competition has indeed brought a lot of experience to MP3 users.
The new Samsung has torn down iriver and iAUDIO for many years, and has recovered its own style of SONY, as well as two eye-catching iPod and innovation. Sound effects are closely related to ear plugs and headphones. If there is no good device for excellent sound effects, it w
dynamic capacitor or equivalent series capacitor; L1 is a dynamic inductor or equivalent series inductor; R1 is a dynamic resistor or equivalent series resistor; c0 is a static capacitor, also known as an equivalent parallel capacitor.
This equivalent circuit has two most useful zero-phase frequencies, one being the resonant frequency (FR) and the other being the anti-resonant frequency (FA ). When a crystal element is actually used in an oscillating
standard.LameThe original MP3 sound is sharp, the space is narrow, the bass is blurred, and the details are not enough. Instead, the CD sound quality is extremely pure, MP3, especially encoded with high quality VBR, cannot hear the difference from the original CD. The device is good, sblive! + Extremely typical pa60 power amplifier + short-song line face-to-face speaker.
LameThis not only gives full play to VBR encoding, but also creates an ABR encoding mode based on the disadvantages of the
-Modern Communication Receiver 40 chapter 1 Basic Principles of WLAN radio transmission 3rd definition of transmission capacity and throughput 453.1 bandwidth, radio and Shannon theorem 463.2.1 bandwidth is a analog measure 463.2.2 bandwidth of digital devices 463.2.3 shannon theorem: bandwidth and noise 473.2.4 relationship 473.3 bandwidth efficiency 473.3.1 Adaptive Modulation 483.3.2 balance between efficiency and robustness 493.4 forward correction 493.4.1 802.11a and 802.11g convolution cod
FHSS or DSSS
2 Mbps
802.11a
5 GHz
OFDM
54 Mbps
802.11b
2.4 GHz
HR-DSSS
11 Mbps
802.11 GB
2.4 GHz
OFDM
54 Mbps
802.11n
2.4 or 5 GHz
OFDM
540 Mbps theoretical value)
Wireless Network Protocol 1. Traditional 802.11
1997 release
Two Original data rates: 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps
Frequency Hopping FHSS) or direct sequence frequency spreading DSSS)
The three 2.
more difficult due to the additional inherent technical challenges in the next important aspect of 5G wireless.
Figure 2 signals must be guided along the two dimensions of height and azimuth to complicate the beam forming task. (Image Source: Qorvo)
Millimeter Wave)
5G distribution frequency was initially congested at 6 GHz. Most of the frequencies recently allocated to 5G services in different jurisdictions around the world are distributed across m
than that of TD-LTE network.
Converged networking
Four major issues cannot be ignored
1. Network Positioning
TD-LTE and lte fdd integrated networking construction, first of all to solve the problem of two standard Network Positioning, through reasonable positioning, and strive to meet the development needs of users and businesses with minimum investment.
From the international TD-LTE and lte fdd fusion network deployment case, generally according to the work frequency band to determine the Netw
Python development [module]: Pygal to draw a histogram, pythonpygalPygal
Pygal can be used to generate a Scalable Vector Graphics file. It is useful for charts that need to be displayed on different screens. It can be scaled automatically to adapt to the viewer's screen.
1. Install the Pygal Module
① Windows
# Install the Pygal module $ pip3 install pygal
② Linux and OS X systems
# Install the Pygal module $ pip install -- user pygal = 1.7
2. Pygal gallery-Histogram
Simulate the dice, analyze t
. Sample rates (sample rate) sampling frequency refers to the number of times a recording device samples a sound signal in a second, and the higher the frequency of the sound, the more realistic it is to restore it. In today's mainstream capture card, the sampling frequency is generally divided into 22.05KHz, 44.1KHz (44100Hz), 48KHz three levels, 22.05 khz can only achieve FM broadcast sound quality, 44.1KHz is the theoretical CD quality limits, 48KHz is more accurate. For sampling
Sampling Rate sampling bit sampling rate: the number of sample samples collected in one second. The reciprocal of the sampling frequency in Hz is the sampling period or the sampling time, which is the time interval between sampling ~ 20 k is the sampling rate of the human's Auditory range 44.1k. That's enough. sampling is to use discrete signals to represent continuous signal nequest frequencies (nycraftsmanship sampling theorem) the sampling frequenc
capacitor is not suitable for audio coupling, but for some special electrolytic capacitors such as Blackgate and elnaAudio and silmic cards are also discussed. The performance of these capacitors is very good, especially for elna.Silmic capacitor. The author has performed experiments on his lm3886 power amplifier, when using two elna silmicReplace 22 μF/25 V with the rubycon (red-colored) Blackgate at the lm3886 input end.22 μF/25 V. When the system starts to play the audio, it is obvious that
The external frequency is the baseline frequency of the CPU and even the entire computer system. The unit is MHz (Z ). In early computers, the synchronization speed between the memory and the motherboard is equal to the external frequency. In this way, it can be understood that the external frequency of the CPU is directly connected to the memory, synchronous running status between the two. For the current computer system, the two can be completely different, but the significance of the outer fr
. Therefore, QDR (quad date rate) technology or other similar technologies are used to achieve this purpose. The principles of these technologies are similar to the 2x or 4x of AGP. They make the front-end bus frequency twice, 4x, or even higher than the outer frequency, since then, the difference between the front-end bus and the external frequency has been paid attention.
The default external frequency of a CPU is only one, and the motherboard must support this external frequency. Therefore, y
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