1. the disk partition format indicates that linux partitions are different from windows. in linux, the hard disk device name (hdx for IDE hard disks (x for disks from a-d) is used because up to four hard disks of IDE, SCSI, SATA, the USB hard disk is sdx (x is a-z), and the primary partition of the hard disk is up to four ,. therefore, the primary partition starts from sdb1 to sdb4, and the logical partition starts from sdb5 (the logical partition alw
, although I saw the image box selected by the system, xp still exists, but I reported invalid results when I went in.
Later, I checked the partition information and found that the disk where Ubuntu is located is also bootable. The Boot information should not be broken, and my grub is not broken, because the fix is still the previous system selection menu. If there is a problem with the Startup Device of the menu, check/boot/grub/menu. lst, I found the problem. The Ubuntu hard disk is still the
Linux troubleshooting example (1)-Linux general technology-Linux technology and application information. The following is a detailed description. During the RHCE certification training for trainees, we have provided a number of examples on how to troubleshoot errors. Here we will share with you:
1. MBR damaged or lost
Enter rescue mode
Check the grub. conf file to ensure the file content is correct.
Grub-instll/dev/had
2. the grub. conf file is incorrect.
Grub. conf contains the following state
Go to Ubuntu LiveCD (ie, try Ubuntu) and operate in the terminalThe first thing to do is to find your Ubuntu system mounted under that SDA. You can fdisk-l this command with sudo. And then:1. Sudo-i2. Mount/dev/sdax/mnt (/mnt is a folder under the home folder, this folder can be arbitrary)3. Mount/dev/sdax/mnt/boot This step is to give/boot separate partition command, if not separate partition skip this step, this step I skipped, seemingly no impact4. Grub-install--ROOT-DIRECTORY=/MNT/DEV/SDA (B
Article Title: how to restore GRUB boot in Ubuntu. Linux is a technology channel of the IT lab in China. Including desktop applications, Linux system management, kernel research, embedded systems, open-source and other essential tools for basic classification: a computer with an optical drive and a ubuntu Cd (liveCD.
Method:
1. Start the computer from the CD. After the menu appears, press F2 to select the Chinese language and then enter the first item.
2. Go to the live interface and cl
the title tag, and the subsequent content is displayed in the GRUB menu.Root (hd0, 2) This line refers to the partition from which the operating system is guided, that is, the grub location partition operating system.Kernel/boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-8 Ro root = label =/1 this line is the path to the kernel given from the specified partition to boot the systemRootnoverify (hd0, 1) and chainloader + 1 indicate that the chain pilot mode is used from a specific partition. In this example, grub locates th
Grub4dos will find and use the menu in the LINUX partition. LST, so you do not need to copy the menu to drive C. LST, unless the LINUX partition is at the end of a large disk and the BIOS is too old to access that area, if so, simply copy a menu. LST is useless. You need to copy the kernel and initrd together, and then modify C: "menu. LST: load the kernel and initrd from the Windows partition.
In 8.10, the uuid command is added to grub. grub4dos is no longer fully compatible with the New Gru
.
Other releases (such as UBUNTU) Integrate the livecd function on the installation disc, that is, you can run the operating system completely from the CD. These release versions no longer require the "rescue mode" because they are a reply disc. Similarly, first set the BIOS boot item and select try Ubuntu without any change to your computer (try Ubuntu without changing any content in the computer.
Reinstall grub
After the disk is started successfully, you are ready to repair grub. Now, s
will cause xen to fail to start normally. Therefore, we need to delete grub2 and switch back to the old grub version...
Basic steps:1. BackupSudo cp/etc/default/grub. oldSudo cp-R/etc/grub. d/etc/grub. d. oldSudo cp-R/boot/grub. old2. Uninstall grub2Sudo apt-get purge grub2 grub-pc3. Install grubSudo apt-get install grub4. Update the Startup menu and install grub on the corresponding device.Sudo update-grub # generate menu. lst; Select Yes when promptedSudo grub-install/dev/sdX # X is a, B, c .
Motivation: Dual-system grub repair MBRPrerequisites: Ubuntu 9.04. Other System methods are similar.Applicable: Windows and Linux dual systems are installed on different partitions, And the Linux boot program grub is installed on MBR by default.Problem description: Linux cannot be started because grub in MBR is damaged after Windows is reinstalled.Implementation: 1. Insert the Linux installation CD, select the first CD for trial, and enter the Linux Default User Name Ubuntu password is blank.2.
kernel from the first hard disk and 7th partitions. Note that the root partition here is different from the root partition in linux. This root partition is also different from the root partition! The hard disk Identification Method of grub is a little different from that of linux. in linux, the first primary partition is hda1, the second primary partition is hda1, and the first logical partition is hda5, which is identified by (hdx, y) In grub, for e
Multiple linux instances, we need to modify this file. So how can we modify it? In general, windows is automatically loaded to grub. conf. Open grub. conf to view the settings of windows. Sometimes the system may suddenly fail to attract windwows. We need to make the following changes.
Title DOSRootnoverify hd0, 0)Chainloader + 1
Change
Title ## here, WinXP is a required title. You can use another name.Root hd0, 0)Chainloader + 1
In this way, the instance can be started.
◆ 5. How to add the gui
.
Title xxxHere, XXX is the name of the operating system you want to boot. You can decide by yourself.
Root (hdx, Y)Here, both X and Y represent a value. X is the hard disk on which the Linux Root partition is located. If you only have one hard disk. Hd0. If one of your Linux distributions is installed on the second hard disk, X is 1. What does y mean? Y indicates the region in which the Linux is installed. This value is a bit different. There is
1, in the boot, grub on the boot command after the addition of a vga=791, so that the screen resolution is 1024*768.
Kernel (hd0,0)/linux root=/dev/ram ramdisk_size=65536 Devfs=mount,all vga=791
INITRD (hd0,0)/INITRD
Boot
2, in the black screen. Press CTRL+ALT+F2 into another shell, run YaST, select Hardware-graphics and Monitor, which has two options, the first is text mode, the second is graphics mode, and the change and reprobe options, But the change option is not going to work (it would be
not because of the reload of windows, but because of some operations under Windows, such as using the Partition magician, and moving the hard drive causing the partition sequence to change, which prompts you to appear:
Grub>
We can then type in the following characters:
Grub>root (Hdx,y)
If you succeed, you will be prompted with a probably this y partition information:
FileSystem type is EXT2FS, partition type 0x83
It doesn't matter if you go here. C
the bound hostNote:The above command sets a port on the switch to bind a specific MAC address, so that only this host can use the network, if the NIC of the host is changed or another PC wants to use the network via this port, it will not be available unless the MAC address bound to the port is deleted or modified.Note:The preceding functions are applicable to Cisco 2950, 3550, 4500, and 6500 series switches.2. solution 2-Expanded access list based o
The introduction of vlan of a Huawei switch and three VMPS modes. In the explanation of vlan of a Huawei switch, there are three VMPS modes (but User Registration Tool, namely URT, only supports open mode ). How to configure dynamic vlan and VMPS of a CATALYST 4500 series switch? This article takes cisco ios 12.2 (31) SGA as an example.
1. Introduction to VMPS:
VMPS is short for the Huawei vlanMembership Policy Server. as its name implies, it is a cen
)# Delete the MAC address of the bound host
Note: The preceding command sets a port on the vswitch to bind a specific MAC address so that only the host can use the network, if the NIC of the host is changed or another PC wants to use the network via this port, it will not be available unless the MAC address bound to the port is deleted or modified.
Note: The above functions are applicable to Cisco 2950, 3550, 4500, and 6500 series switches.
2. solutio
This article discusses how to use PDB to debug Python without convenient ide tools. Program Source code example For example, there is a program to simulate tax calculation :#! /Usr/bin/Python Def debug_demo (VAL ): If Val Print "Level 1"Print 0Elif Val Print "Level 2"Print (Val-1600) * 0.05Elif Val Print "Level 3"Print (Val-3500) * 0.10 + (3500-1600) * 0.05Else:Print "Level 4"Print (Val-6500) * 0.20 + (6500-3500) * 0.10 + (3500-1600) * 0.05#~ Def debug_demoIf _ name _ = "_ main __":The debug_
average salary of all employees without changing the query results of the preceding statement. What should I do? It is difficult to query using common SQL statements, but using OLAP functions is very simple, as shown in the following SQL:
Select
Row_number () over () as serial number,
Row_number () over (partition by dept order by salary) as department number,
Name as name,
Dept as department,
Salary as salary,
AVG (salary) over (partition by dept) as average salary,
AVG (salary) over
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