size equals the number of bytes specified by IBS.Conv=conversion[,conversion ...]Converts the file with the specified parameters.Conversion parameters:The ASCII conversion EBCDIC is ASCII.EBCDIC converts ASCII to EBCDIC.IBM converts ASCII to alternate EBCDIC.Block converts each row to a cbs-length record, and the insufficient portion is padded with spaces.Unblock the length of each line is CBS, and the insufficient portion is padded with spaces.LCase converts uppercase characters to lowercase c
not truncate the output file.Sync fills each input block to IBS bytes, and the insufficient part is padded with empty (NUL) characters.
2. Example Analysis
2.1. Data backup and Recovery
Backup and recovery of 2.1.1 Whole disk dataBackup:
DD IF=/DEV/HDX Of=/dev/hdyBack up the local/DEV/HDX whole disk to/dev/hdy
DD IF=/DEV/HDX Of=/path/to/image/DEV/
Some time ago, when the Partition Table of the mobile hard disk was fixed, the partition of the local disk was re-obtained, causing the grub of ubuntu to fail to find the LINUX partition (the LINUX partition cannot be started due to the uuid change of the root partition ), when switching to Linux, the system prompts "unknown filesystem" to enter grub rescue mode.
I searched on Google and finally solved the problem. The solution is as follows:
1. First use the set command to view the current conf
Grubmenu. the GRUB boot menu has been removed due to reinstallation of the list configuration. I don't know how to find it. today I saw the post and tried it. it succeeded, the main step is to restore Grub with the LAN part t below. In fact, it is very simple: use LiveCD (for Ubuntu, it is always topcd... grub menu. the GRUB boot menu has been removed due to reinstallation of the list configuration. I don't know how to find it. today I saw the post and tried it. it succeeded, the main step is to
if = input file (or device name).IBS = Bytes Reads bytes bytes At a time, that is, the number of bytes read into the buffer.Obs = bytes Writes bytes bytes At a time, that is, the number of bytes written to the buffer.CBS = bytes Converts bytes bytes at a time.CONV = ASCII converts the EBCDIC code to an ASCII code.CONV = IBM converts ASCII code to alternate EBCDIC code.CONV = Ublock Converts the fixation into a change bitCONV = LCase The letter from uppercase to lowercase.CONV = swab swaps each p
letters from uppercase to lowercase. CONV = Notrunc does not truncate the output file. CONV = swab swaps each pair of input bytes. CONV = NoError does not stop processing when an error occurs. Conv = Sync puts the size of each input record to the size of the IBS (filled with NUL ). count=number of blocks > Read Only the specified number of chunks. ibs=bytes > number of bytes read each time. if=file > read from file. obs= number of bytes > bytes per output. of=file > output to file. seek=blocks
characters.Swab swap each byte of the input.NoError does not stop when an error occurs.NotruNC does not truncate the output file.Sync fills each input block into IBS bytes, and the less part is padded with empty (NUL) characters.2. Example Analysis2.1. Data backup and Recovery2.1.1 Full disk data backup and recoveryBackup:DD IF=/DEV/HDX Of=/dev/hdyBack up the local/DEV/HDX full disk to the/dev/hdyDD IF=/DE
the fdisk-LD terminal to view your partition information and check the partition information, use any file editor to open/boot/GRUB/grub. conf. In general, the win system will automatically load it into grub. below is the grub of the author. CONF file. Let's analyze it.Default = 0Timeout = 10Splashimage = (hd1, 2)/boot/GRUB/splash.xpm.gzTitle windows2kRootnoverify (hd0, 0)Chainloader + 1Title redhat9Root (hd1, 2)Kernel/boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-8 Ro root = label =/Initrd/boot/initrd-2.4.20-8.imgTitle
25 problem that has plagued me for many years has been completely solved.
Deleting Linux and restoring grub are two common problems for new users. If I feel that Linux is not good and want to quit, I need to delete Linux and overwrite grub. If I have installed Windows and Linux, grub will be overwritten when Windows is reinstalled, and grub needs to be restored. This is a back path. We need to consider it before doing things.
Delete Linux, overwrite grub, and restore it to the boot guide of X
: using the DD command# dd If=/boot/vmlinuz of=/dev/fd03 . GRUB( 1 ) GRUB IntroductionGRUB is a powerful boot loader based on the Intel platform( 2 ) GRUB featuresl support for large hard drives, breaking through the limits of the above-surface cylindersl supports two interface types ( menu, command line )l Boot Screen (3) Installing GRUBl Install packages#rpm –IVH grub-0.934.i386.rpml installing using the Install command GRUB to MBR#grubGrub>root (
situation, know that the zoning situation is good to do , with any file editor to open/boot/grub/grub.conf, in general, the win system will automatically load into grub, the following is the author's grub.conf file, we analyze
Default=0
timeout=10
Splashimage= (hd1,2)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
Title windows2k
Rootnoverify (hd0,0)
Chainloader +1
Title RedHat9
Root (hd1,2)
Kernel/boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-8 ro root=label=/
Initrd/boot/initrd-2.4.20-8.img
Title Mandrake9.1
Kernel (hd1,4)/boot/
dos, enter the dosutils directory, and execute loadlin autoboot/vmlinuz root =/dev/hdxx () hdxx as your linux root partition. In this way, you can enter linux.C. Run grub-install/dev/hdx (x = a, B, c, d) or lilo to rewrite the boot.Also can refer to: http://www.linuxfans.org/nuke/modul...iewtopict=51014. If you use grub to guide linux and windows, the grub in MBR will be damaged after windows is re-installed due to a problem, and grub needs to be res
Next we will implement the following classes in the form of Extensions (Demo environment: Linux, PHP-5.5.34-SRC)1PHP2 class Person3 {4 Private$_name;5 Publicfunction GetName ()6 {7 return$ This-_name;8 } 9 Publicfunction SetName ($name)Ten { One$ This-_name =$name; A } -}Under the PHP source directory1 cd php-5.5. -src2CD ext3 ./ext_skel--EXTNAME=HDX // generate HDX e
(with Ext2Fsd or explore2fs)
After running, copy all the Boot folders in the ubuntu root directory to drive C.
After restarting, select GRUB in the boot menu to go to ubuntu.
Key Point: GRUB for Dos is required for ubuntu linux. Therefore, this line is displayed in C: \ BOOT. INI:
C: \ GRLDR = "GRUB" ext3
The boot folder under the partition contains a bootable file, which needs to be placed in the c root directory.
Bytes --------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Hubble. Net Operating Mechanism
According to chapter 1, we know that the Hubble. Net system only stores the index information, while the index document is stored in the database .. We know that Hubble. Net uses inverted index technology to index the word associated with document information. Therefore, index words are the key points of the system. Create the corresponding index information and query the index information based on the index word. Now we will focus on the analysis of.
NAT principles and NAT traversal technical principles and implementation recently, when reading things, I found that many network programs need NAT traversal. I would like to summarize it here. First, make an agreement: Intranet A has: A1 (192.168.0.8), A2 (192.168.0.9) Dual-user gateway X1 (a nat device) has A public IP address 1.2.3.4 Intranet B has: B1 (192.168.1.8) b2 (192.168.1.9) dual-purpose users, Gateway Y1 (a NAT device) has a public IP address 1.2.3.5 public network server: C (6.7.8.9
. Generally speaking, characteristic is the key to exchanging data between mobile phone and ble terminal, characteristic has more fields related to permission, such as permission and property, and the most commonly used is property, The BLE bluetooth module used in this paper has no standard characteristic permission. The characteristic property can set read-write properties by using a combination of bitwise operators, such as read| WRITE, read| write_no_response| NOTIFY, so the property will be
services, Characteristic, and Descriptor of the device, in addition, the mobile phone will write a "send data->" string to Characteristic uuid = effecffe1-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb, And the BLE terminal will receive data transmitted to the PC serial assistant through the serial port (see PC serial port Assistant ):
04-21 18:28:25. 465: E/DeviceScanActivity (12254): --> service type: PRIMARY04-21 18:28:25. 465: E/DeviceScanActivity (12254): --> incl
name root (hdx, Y) displayed in the boot menu list) it is used to specify the location of your boot partition. If you do not divide the boot partition (in this example, there is no partition for boot), you can point to the root partition. hdx is the hard disk of Linux, hd0 is the first hard disk, hd1 is the second disk, and so on. Y is the partition location, starting from 0, that is, it is equal to the pa
syntax is the same as that in Linux;
A and B are A little different. The method of A is to enable the system to see all the features in menul. lst system; B, you must press the mygrub we just filled in before you can see in menu. the system mentioned by lst;
3. Configure grub;
In c: ootgrubmenu. in the lst process, we only use the Linux wingrub to view the partition interface. Others can be written in Notepad. c: ootgrub is hidden, we can see it by adding c: ootgrub to the browser;
0] Open wing
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