PPP link. The user and Bas transmit data through this link through a layer-2 device in the form of unicast. However, with the continuous development of online video services, the demand for bandwidth is growing, and pppoe is very important to support multicast. The multicast protocols supported by pppoe generally refer to the layer-2 multicast protocol IGMP proxy or IGMP
be copied is copied and distributed, and each network segment maintains a data stream.
63. multicast applications, Multimedia conferences, data distribution, real-time data multicast, games and simulation.
64. The advantages of multicast in improving efficiency, optimizing performance and distributed applications.
65. multicast is based on UDP, best-effort transmission, non-blocking control, repetitive datagram, and unordered payment.
66. The Group Membership Protocol includes
dynamic and flexible.
The initial IGMP specification was defined in RFC 1112 in detail. We generally refer to this specification as "IGMP version 1", written by S. Deering of Stanford University in August 1989. Later, W. Fenner of Xerox PARC significantly updated the earliest IGMP version 1. The updated result is RFC 2236 file, that is,
demand. The operation mode of PPPoE is the future development direction of the business.
3.4PPPoE support for MulticastPPPoE is a Point-to-Point Protocol. Each user and BAS have a PPP link. The user and BAS transmit data through this link through a layer-2 device in the form of unicast. However, with the continuous development of online video services, the demand for bandwidth is growing, and PPPoE is very important to support multicast. The multicast protocols supported by PPPoE generally refe
table is created in the multicast router, which contains the vro ports and the corresponding sub-Ports
Which groups of members are available on the Internet. When a vro receives a data packet from a group of G, it only forwards the data packet to the ports with G members.
. The routing protocol determines how data packets are forwarded between routers. The IGMP protocol is not responsible.
4. layer-2 multicast protocolsLayer-2 multicast protocols inc
) Set cGMP enable cGMP activation4000> (enable) Show cGMP statistics View cGMP statistics4000> (enable) Show multicast group cGMP View the multicast group information learned by the switch4000> (enable) Set cGMP leave enable to check the departure information of IGMPV2 generated by the client4000> (enable) Set IGMP enable to start IGMP4000> (enable) IP IGMP snooping
configured with 10.6.2.1 as their RP address. The configuration is as follows:Router (config) #ippimrp-address10.6.2.1Multicast design in a five or two-tier environment (IGMP-SNOOPINGANDCGMP)The igmp-snooping runs on a layer two switch, and igmp-snooping requires the LAN sw
authentication functions: ensure that data is sent from a valid data source engine ID); Ensure that data is not tampered with during transmission using MD5 and SHA authentication protocols); encrypt packets, ensures data confidentiality Using the DES56 encryption protocol)
4. Access Security:
Hardware supports binding IP, MAC, and port to improve user access control capabilities. Supports 802.1X technology, meets access restrictions on six elements, and supports
RGMP: Cisco router port group management protocol (rgmp) makes up for the Internet group management protocol (Igmp: Internet group management protocol) problems in snoopIng technical mechanisms. The rgmp protocol acts between multicast routers and switches. Rgmp allows you to fix multicast data packets forwarded by vswitches in the required vro. Rgmp is designed for backbone swItched networks, which is conn
address ' End station execute Batch Com Mand Fabric Fabric Fabric-port fabric-port link-type file Specify File system configuration information FTM Fabric topology management FTP S pecify FTP Server ConfigUration information Ftp-server Specify a source IP garp Generic Attribute Registrat
Ion Protocol Giant-frame giant Frame management gratuitous-arp-learning ARP gratuitous function GVRP GARP VLAN Registration Protocol HABP Specify HABP configuration Informa tion header Specify the login ba
shared tree is to save resources, but the path from source to destination is not necessarily the best Five, PIM PIM is IP routing protocol-independent, independent of the routing protocol, but still need to have a routing table exists, This is a requirement to prevent loops. PIM is divided into sparse mode and dense mode six, IGMP and cGMP IGMP v1: Include group member query package, team members repl
)show ip IGMP interface briefShow ip IGMP groups 239.0.0.1IGMP snooping is turned on by default for switch-to-leaf routers on switches. Function: Determine WHIHC ports need to receive multicase traffic.=========== Tree =============The process of tree convergence is the process of table convergence.SOURCE tree-Tree: Optimal path, corresponding (S,G)Shared tree-sh
between network terminals and multicast servers or routers that support IGMP. Generally, it supports the Protocol standards of the First and Second editions of IGMP, but it only plays the role of IGMP Proxy) or IGMP spoofing Snooping to a large extent, the network end multi
implementation of this VPN is not popular yet. Currently, only some broadband access servers have begun to support this function.
3. Support for Multicast
From the perspective of the entire network, the broadband access server must support multicast to distribute the end Of the multicast video stream at the network layer. The network host installs the corresponding multicast application to support the multicast protocol. By actively submitting a multicast application, select the desired multica
another way to achieve VPN applications, and the application is flexible and convenient.
5. Support for Multicast
From the perspective of the entire network, the broadband access server must support multicast to distribute the end Of the multicast video stream at the network layer. The network host installs the corresponding multicast application to support the multicast protocol. By actively submitting a multicast application, select the desired multicast service, connect it to a local vro or
vswitch performance, vswitch provides Gbps full-line rate switching capability, up to mpps of forwarding rate, and 8 k mac address memory capability. Supports 32 port-based VLAN settings.
Main features: supports link aggregation, CoS and QoS priority, broadcast and multicast IGMP Snooping filtering, bandwidth control, each port can be set separately, and history check. You can manually set eight groups of
1. Prevention of MAC/CAM attacks1.1principles and hazards of MAC/CAM attacks1.2 typical cases of MAC/CAM attacks1.3 use port security feature to prevent MAC/CAM attacks1.4 Configuration1.5 use other technologies to prevent MAC/CAM attacks
2. DHCP attack prevention2.1 FAQs about DHCP management:2.2 DHCP snooping TechnologySurgery Overview2.3 Basic defense2.4 Advanced Defense
3. Principles and prevention of ARP spoofing/mitm (man-in-the-middle) Atta
are two differences:
1. The Protocol packet address of MLDv1 uses an IPv6 address;
2. The name of the departure message is different. MLDv1's departure message is Multicast Listener Done, and IGMP's departure message is IGMP Leave 。
IPv6 Multicast Routing Protocol 2 MLDv1 Snooping
MLDv1 Snooping is basically the same as IGMPv2
Libnet example (9)
Author: John (scz@nsfocus.com)Home: http://www.nsfocus.comDate: 2000-08-15
Next, we will take the IGMP attack as an example to introduce Libnet library programming. I have never used IGMP patch. For pwin98,IGMP is useless. You can consider this method:
Use ultraedit to search for 6a 02 E8 and change it to 6a F2 E8. Here 02 corresponds to the
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