igmp snooping

users, which consumes a lot of downstream bandwidth. OLT usually supports IGMP Snooping. It can listen to IGMP Join Request messages and send multicast data to users related to this group, instead of broadcasting data to all users. In this way, traffic is reduced. 5) upstream traffic At a time, only one ONU can send traffic. ONU Queues with multiple priorities c

cannot guarantee the minimum latency required for images, therefore, the image transmission quality is affected, and the image may suffer from Jitters, non-synchronous sounds, and other phenomena. Figure 4 hardware queues on each port process broadband applications Each port of the CP-3124 is equipped with 4 hardware queues, which can perform QoS more effectively and improve service quality. Figure VLAN Tagging　 CP-3124/26 supports standard 802

port to another, the switch is modular. This is usually caused by the internal structure of the device. What if I want to expand my network in the future? All modern switches can provide certain resizing capabilities for future upgrades. You can buy several identical switches and link them together to become a larger switch. What is QoS? Why do I need it? QoS is used to solve network latency and congestion problems. Without this function, some application systems, such as audio and video, canno

-Condensation Heat Dissipation Mode Natural heat dissipation Natural heat dissipation Business features: Product S1728GWR-4P Security Features Port-based MAC FilteringPort-based 802.1X AuthenticationSupports RADIUS Authentication.Port isolation VLAN Access Port supportedTrunk port supportedHybrid port is supported.Support for VLAN managementSupport for Voice VLAN Priority queue (QoS) Support absolute priority and WRR Schedul

switching capacity/mpps packet forwarding capability, and can be smoothly upgraded to 1.44Tbps switching capacity and 857Mpps packet forwarding capability; supports a variety of high-density business boards and combined business boards. The entire machine can support up to 576 Gigabit ports for simultaneous line rate forwarding. 3. Powerful business support capabilities Quidway S8500 supports mpls vpn services; supports a wide range of multicast protocols such as

Based on the port and MAC address enables the user to authenticate each access request. Multi-layer Access Control List ACL ). Support for priority queue and IP multicast IGMP snooping), and Quality of Service (QoS). This ensures that latency-sensitive applications such as video conferencing are successfully completed. Supports 802.1p priority queue control. Layer 2 to Layer 4 information can be used to se

smoothly upgraded to 1.44Tbps switching capacity and 857Mpps packet forwarding capability; supports a variety of high-density business boards and combined business boards. The entire machine can support up to 576 Gigabit ports for simultaneous line rate forwarding. 3. Powerful business support capabilities Quidway S8500 supports mpls vpn services; supports a wide range of multicast protocols (IGMP, igmp

The role of network layer and Internet multicast 1. Briefly describe the role of the OSI physical layer, data link layer, and network layer? Network Layer: provides the most suitable path for packets or groups through the Communication Subnet through the routing selection protocol (Routing Algorithm). Data Link Layer: various control protocols are used to convert erroneous physical channels into error-free data frames that can be reliably transmitted. Physical Layer: uses transmission media to p

N × FE. to save the network bandwidth from the access layer to the aggregation layer and control the bandwidth of the port. For IPTV services, the Boda routing switch has a complete QOS policy: Head Of Line prevents congestion; four sending queues on each port map eight priorities Of 802.1p; WRED, WFQ, SP and FIFO queue scheduling algorithm, easy to meet the requirements of IPTV, the multicast protocol performance is also very good IGMP

messagesIGMPv2 default (added a mechanism for group members to leave quickly on IGMPv1 basis)Query multi-redundant when the first to send the packet than the address of Querier, the query sent a query packageReport: act as ACK and proactively tell the route I joined the group, suppressing other group membersLeaveIGP PIM, EGP PIMTurn on Multicast protocolPIM mode sparse, denseIP IGMP join-group 224.1.1.1IGMPv3Two-tier multicast address:The

-80-40-20) and 224.0.64.32 (hexadecimal e0-00-40-20) are mapped to the same ethernet address 01-00-5e-00-40-20.Since address ing is not unique, the device driver layer or IP layer must filter the datagram because the NIC may receive multicast data frames that the host does not want to receive. Iv. IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol IGMP allows all systems on a physical network to know the broadcast gr

Reprinted Please note: http://blog.csdn.net/shanzhizi The format of the three IGMP protocol packages is summarized. Because it is a simple summary, the fields are not described in detail, and the descriptions of individual fields may be inaccurate, for detailed descriptions of each field in V3, refer to the standard documentation of IGMPv3. For more information about the IGMP protocol, see"

virtual machines. To facilitate scaling and high availability, NSX controllers are generally recommended to be configured as cluster mode (VMware recommends configuring at least 3 NSX controllers as clusters). Each NSX controller recommends using at least 4 Vcpus and 4GB of memory and must be deployed in the same vcenter. In a deployment, the password set by the first node in the cluster is synchronized to the other nodes in the cluster.The NSX controller acts as a control plane and is responsi

messages about the transmission of IP datagrams. When an IP datagram is not delivered When you arrive at your destination, it may be because the machine on the destination is paused or information traffic is blocked, and the router may use ICMP to The failure message notifies the sender. IGMP (Internet Group Management protocol,internet Group Management Protocol) This TCP/IP protocol allows Internet hosts to participate in multiple-demand delivery (m

VLAN, which requires two-tier switches to support multi-tier VLANs, that is, each untaged port is supported on 802, in addition to the port based VLAN. 1Q of VLAN.4 SummaryTo sum up, the use of multi-layer VLAN technology, can realize the data isolation of the port, improve network security, facilitate the telecommunications sector to the user management. If the two-tier switch supports IGMP snooping, the

multicast replication is dispersed on corridor switches, which can meet the access requirements of a large number of IPTV users. The solution supports PPPOE and DHCP + authentication. You can avoid the impact between users by Using VLAN or port isolation. Meanwhile, flexible QINQ can be used to precisely locate users and VLAN resources. In addition, the use of BRAS and home gateway to set the user's traffic and priority can effectively control the traffic in the access network, with QOS queue s

conclusion, multi-layer VLAN technology can be used to isolate port data, improve network security, and facilitate the management of users by the Telecommunications Department. If the L2 Switch supports igmp snooping, You can implement the multicast function. The disadvantage is that the port provided to the user must be an untaged port, which will affect the development of multi-service access based on di

provide fixed Gigabit Ethernet SFP Ethernet Optical ports and four 10/100/1000 adaptive electrical interface cards or 100/1000 M Adaptive SFP optional interfaces, one Console port and one with Internet port. The above two Gbit/s all-optical ports support full-line rate forwarding, in addition to VLAN division, port aggregation Trunk), port address binding, multicast IGMP Snooping, and hardware to implement

enterprise network. The layer-3 switching specification of GSM7312 supports IP routing at the wire speed, and supports Static Routing, default routing, RIP v1, RIP v2, and OSPF v2 of the complete routing protocol) it also supports ICMP, VRRP, and ARP. GSM7312 can be used as a BOOTP and DHCP client to use the automatically obtained IP address. You can manage networks through WEB, SNMP v1/v2c/v3, RMON, Telnet or Console, and other methods. In addition, GSM7312 provides attractive modules such as

create a socket with the following syntax:Socket.socket ([family[, type[, Proto]])Parameter meaning:Family: The socket family can make Af_unix or af_inetType: The socket type can be divided into sock_stream or sock_dgram depending on whether it is connection-oriented or non-connectedProtocol: General does not fill the default is 0.Socket invocation: Socket type Describe Socket.af_unix Can only be used for single UNIX system interprocess communication