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Original address: Click to goThe previous article analyzed the overall concept of the Internet, from bottom to top, the design of each layer of protocol.This is from the designer's point of view, today I would like to switch to the user's perspective, to see how users from top to bottom, interacting with these protocols.==============================================================Introduction to Internet
IP: Internet Protocol Unreliable: IP datagram cannot be successfully delivered to the destination, and only the best transmission service is provided. No connection: the IP address does not maintain any status information about subsequent datagram. The processing of each dat
the other is to determine which addresses are in the same subnet.IP packetsThe data that is sent according to the IP protocol is called an IP packet. It is not difficult to imagine that it must include IP address information.But as mentioned earlier, the Ethernet packet contains only the MAC address, and there is no f
"TCP/IP Detailed Volume 1: Protocol" chapter 6th icmp:internet Control Message Protocol---reading notes1. IntroductionICMP is considered to be an integral part of the IP layer, which transmits error messages and other information that needs attention. ICMP packets are typically used by the
The registration and initialization process of the pci NIC Driver is implemented. the TCP/IP protocol stack and the pci protocol stack are implemented after soft interruptions occur.0x01 reason The purpose of this study is to follow the outline below: The three handshakes, data transmission, and four handshakes are debugged by the server client program. The setup
Over the past 20 years, network technology has continued to develop, from the initial X.25, frame relay, to Ethernet, FDDI, to the popular ATM, different technologies provide diverse network options. To achieve network interoperability among various types of LAN and WAN, you need to use the network protocol. The network protocol stack used by the Internet not onl
redirection packets (corresponding to the above d, m mark) For example, if an IP data packet is sent to the default route option B in host a, and then B checks the route table to know that the correct route is C, B forwards it to C. At the same time, also, send an ICMP redirection packet to a, indicating that the correct part is C. (Note: These are only the route tables of hosts on the LAN) 5. Dynamic Routing Pro
communication.TCP/IP protocol tiering The physical layer (RS-232, v.35) and the Data Link layer (HDLC, x.) involve the original bit stream transmitted on the communication channel, which realizes the mechanical, electrical, functional and process of transmitting the data, and provides the methods of error detection, correction, synchronization, etc. Make it appear on the network layer error-free line, and
UDP belongs to the transport layer together with the TCP mentioned earlier. UDP differs from TCP in that it is a non-connection-oriented protocol, that is, when both parties communicate with each other, they do not need to establish a connection beforehand. So the UDP header saves a lot of fields, and the UDP header is only 8 bytes. The UDP header consists of the following: The UDP header contains only the source port and destination port, plus th
parameters are integral and will explain why you need to know them to get online. Because they are given, each time the computer is turned on, it will be assigned the same IP address, so this situation is called "Static IP address Internet".However, such a setting is professional, the average user is daunting, and if the IP
IP: network protocol IP is the most core protocol in the TCP/IP protocol cluster. It provides unreliable and connectionless datagram transmission services.Unreliable means that it cannot guarantee that the
) because ICMP error messages sometimes require special processing, they need to be differentiated. For example, in response to an ICMP error message, there will never be another ICMP error message (if there is no such restriction rule, there may be a situation where the error results in another error, and the error will result in an endless loop).(4) when sending an ICMP error message, the message always contains the header of the IP and the first 8
Automatically get IP address First step: Activate the network card Linux system installed after the default network card is eth0, with the following command to activate this network card. The code is as follows Copy Code # ifconfig eth0 up Step two: Set the network card to start when entering the systemIf you want to automatically get the IP address to the
, and the upper layer is the definition of software encapsulation. So the second layer is divided into two sub-layers in the data conversion action. In the Partial Hardware Media section, the main responsibility is the Mac (Media Access Control), we call this data wrapped in a Mac frame, Mac is the network media can handle the main datagram wrap, which is eventually encoded by the physical layer into a bit string data. The MAC has to use the communication pr
Send the monkeys to the reinforcements.An RFC document on ICMP here!What the hell?In my opinion, the ICMP protocol is mainly to pass/query some basic information to each other, most of which is to pass some error message.For example, a sends the UDP message to B's 10000 port, but B's 10000 port does not open, it will return an ICMP packet to a, tell the A10000 port is not open.Basic query information, such as the most commonly used ping command, is to
1. Introduction:(1) Internet structure:Information:IP grouping (Directed broadcast address) that specifies " all hosts " in a particular network. ）Nodes: routers, host-----> select paths, Delivery groupingsChannel: physical network (between routers)-----> Transfer IP packets(2) Delivery and routing options--->1. Delivery ( delivery ): Physical forwarding of groupingsdelivery is done by Routed
When we learn and use the Android network programming, we touch only the upper layer protocols and interfaces such as Apache HttpClient or Android's own httpurlconnection and so on. We also need to learn more about the underlying implementations of these interfaces, which requires that we understand the network communication layer and that the network communication layer has to speak of the Iso-osi seven-layer protocol classic architecture:The left pa
"TCP/IP Detailed Volume 1: Protocol" chapter 5th RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol---reading notes1. IntroductionWhen a system boots with a local disk, the IP address is typically read from the configuration file on disk. However, diskless machines, such as x terminals or diskless workstations, require addition
description Process/Application Layer Host to host Layer Network access layer O s I level Number Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer 7 6 5 5 3 2 1 Internet Layer As shown in Figure 9-1, the t c p/I p Reference Model achieves all the same functions in the o s I model. Important differences They have different layers of granularity. The o s I model is more accurate to the layer
When we learn and use the Android network programming, we touch only the upper layer protocols and interfaces such as Apache HttpClient or Android's own httpurlconnection and so on. We also need to learn more about the underlying implementations of these interfaces, which requires that we understand the network communication layer and that the network communication layer has to speak of the Iso-osi seven-layer protocol classic architecture:The left pa
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