Tags: User system resources Direct admin Drive Virtual Mobile version strong access One The first thing to explain is what LNMP,LNMP originated from Lamp,lamp is the abbreviation for Linux+apache+mysql/mariadb+perl/php/python, which replaces the Web server's Apache with less resource consumption, More stable Nginx, so LNMP is the abbreviation of Linux+nginx+mysql/mariadb+perl/php/python; Refer to the introd
This feature page summarizes the most popular Linux distributions basic introduction and, if you are a new contact with Linux, the introduction may be helpful to you, if you think Linux use predecessors, you can also leave your comments and experience in the review, so that more people get help!First introduce the following several domestic
each peripheral, the interrupt handler is registered with the Linux kernel either statically (a global variable declared as a static type) or dynamic (called a request_irq function). Regardless of how it is registered, a structure is declared or assigned irqaction (which points to the handler Interrupt Service program), and then the function is called setup_irq() irq_desc_t and irqaction associated.When an interrupt occurs, the Interrupt Service Prog
for i8259A_irq_type initialization, and for SMP systems either ioapic_edge_type , or to ioapic_level_type initialize the handle variable.For each peripheral, the interrupt handler is registered with the Linux kernel either statically (a global variable declared as a static type) or dynamic (called a request_irq function). Regardless of how it is registered, a structure is declared or assigned irqaction (which points to the handler Interrupt Service p
This article is the best practice of Linux. it aims to show Chinese cabbage how to configure the Linux network. Linux systems have a large share in the server market, especially when the Internet is connected, 11.3 Linux network configuration
Linux systems occupy a large sha
processes, the state of the parent process is already task_running, switches to the parent process to continue execution.#define SWITCH_TO (prev,next,last) do {asm volatile ("PUSHL%%esi\n\t" \////to deposit ESI into the current process prev stack "PUSHL%%edi\n\t" \//EDI deposit to current In the process prev stack "PUSHL%%ebp\n\t" \//Put EBP into the current process prev stack "MOVL%%esp,%0\n\t"/* Save ESP */\//Now process prev ESP saved in Prev->thr Ead.esp "MOVL%3,%%esp\n\t"/* restore ESP */\
dynamic libraryBased on the above two makefile we can compare their differences:[Email protected] mylib]$ LS-ALRT main-rwxrwxr-x. 1 xqch xqch 7696 Oct 21:21 MainDynamic[Email protected] mylib]$ LS-ALRT test-rwxrwxr-x. 1 xqch xqch 7602 Oct 19:32 testYou can see that the executable file generated by the static library is larger than the executable file that needs to be linked to the dynamic library. By disassembling, we can see that the difference is in the way that the library functions are call
cpl--the privileged level of the currently executing program or task, which is stored on the No. 0 and 1th bits of CS and SS.The privileged level of the dpl--segment or gate, and if it is a data segment, the least privileged level that can access this segmentThe rpl--is represented by the No. 0 and 1th digits of the segment selector. The processor verifies that an access request is legitimate by checking the RPL and Cpl. RPL ensures that the operating system does not someone else to access a seg
0x0 Introduction
PWN, the middle finger in the security field is the shell of the target host by means of binary/system calls.
Although the web system in the Internet occupies a relatively large amount of weight, but with the mobile end, IoT gradually popular, the traditional buffer overflow once again have use place
0x01 工欲善其事, its prerequisite
The tools commonly used for PWN under Linux are:
necessary for Gdb:linux debugging
Gdb-peda:gdb convenient
Linux Dynamic Connection principle
Note:
The following connectors are used to refer to the LD,
and the loader refers to the ld-linux.so;
1 got table;
Each entry in the GOT (Global Offset table) table is the address of a global variable or function to be referenced by this run module. You can use the Got table to refer to global variables or functions indirectly, or you can use the first address of the Got table as a datum, referencing static variables
From Get Linux3.1.1 version of the core source code and build a good reading environment began, to now around two months time, during the Google a large and small article, just clear a little thought and found a reading of the mouth. A good guide for kernel beginners is more important than anything, and the methodology for Linux kernel learning can refer to the Linux kernel practices that FUDAN_ABC writ
, the compiler uses the JNE (unequal jump) command, and the code in the else block follows.
8: 75 07 JNE 11A: B8 06 00 00 00 mov $0x6, % eax
Example 2: example2.cInt testfun (int x){If (_ builtin_ct (x, 1 )){^ --- We instruct the compiler, "if"Block is more probableX = 5;X = x * X;} Else {X = 6;}Return X;}In this example, we think that X is more likely than 0.
After compilation, use objdump to observe Assembly commands. On my 2.4 kernel machine, the results are as follows:
# Gcc-O2-C example2.c#
develop Linux systems. The minix system was installed on 1st hard disks.
========================================================== ==============================================
L51mov CX #256Sub siSub diRepMovwQ:Move the bootsect. S module to 0x90200. How do I know that bootsect. S is compiled with 256 words?A:At the end of bootsect. s, there are:249l. org 508Indicates that the Code after line 1 starts from the second byte and goes down:. Word root
Reprint of the Wind flying articles, there is time to seriously study.
Linux Dynamic Connection principle GOT PLT Table detailedAttention:The following connectors are used to refer to the LD,and the loader refers to the ld-linux.so;Each entry in the GOT (Global Offset table) table is the address of a global variable or function to be referenced by this run module. You can use the Got table to refer to global variables or functions indirectly, or you c
0. Most commonly used Pstree:[Email protected] temp]# Pstree-a|grep Multe| | '-multepoolser| | '-multepoolser| | ' -2*[{multepoolser}]1. > TopAll system processes can be displayedPress U, and then enter the appropriate execution user name, such as TomYou can see all the processes that Tom user started and the corresponding PID2. > Pstack pidYou can see the running state of each thread under this PID,[[email protected] multepoolserver]# pstack 14944 (PID number of the process)Thread 2 (thread 0x4
[Linux Device Driver] linux address type, linux Device address type
List of address types used in Linux:
User virtual addresses)
The normal address visible to the user space program. The virtual address length is 32-bit or 64-bit. It depends on the underlying hardware architecture. Each process has its own virtual addr
[Linux] linux Command learning-netstat, linux-netstat
Many linux services are related to the network. When the service cannot be called, the startup port is occupied, or the firewall is blocked, you need to query network problems, the netstat command only uses one or two parameters.
Common options:
-A (all) shows
Linux basic Review (1)-Linux System Overview, linux Overview1. What is an operating system? What is the relationship between it and hardware and other software?
An operating system is a system software (or a set of programs) that controls and manages various hardware and software resources in a computer system and effectively organizes multiple programs to run.
Transferred from
Http://beterfly.blogbus.com/logs/23724282.html
Basic commands:Logout: LogoutLog on to login againExit to exit the current user Shutdown: shutdown + timeExample: shutdown now (shutdown now or immediately)Shutdown-C cancel all shutdown settings (shortcut: Ctrl + C)
Restart the computer:Shutdown-r restart timeExample: shutdown-RReboot (immediate restart) is the same as shutdown-R
In Linux, there are seven run_level_number running levels
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