First, Linux operation and maintenance exercises and answers1. Display the lines in the/etc/passwd file that end with bash650) this.width=650; "src=" http://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/72/93/wKiom1Xm0FjwCMnCAAB3I_JQ3vU396.jpg "title=" 1.png " alt= "Wkiom1xm0fjwcmncaab3i_jq3vu396.jpg"/>2. display the two-digit or three-digit number in the/etc/passwd file650) this.width=650; "src=" http://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/72/90/wKioL1Xm0-nAshFBAAI6jr6BBHQ791.jpg "tit
://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M02/72/5F/wKiom1XhxM2Se05mAACuJ0RWhoU423.jpg "/>6. Add User bash, Testbash, basher, and Nologin user (Nologin user's shell is/sbin/nologin), then find out/etc/ A row in the passwd file that has the same user name as its shell name650) this.width=650; "src=" http://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M00/72/5B/wKioL1XhxurS81jMAACo3vS6Y-o251.jpg "/>7 , display the default shell and UID for root, CentOS, or User1 users on the current system "Please create these users beforehand, if not prese
of a process marked as dead_process. *//* the Ut_session and Ut_tv fields must is the same size when compiled 32-and 64-bit. This allows data files and the shared memory to be shared between 32-and 64-bit applications. */#ifdef __wordsize_time64_compat32 int32_t ut_session;/* session ID, used for windowing. */struct {int32_t tv_sec;/* Seconds. */int32_t tv_usec;/* microseconds. */} ut_tv;/* time entry was made. */#else Long int ut_session;/* session ID, used for windowing. */struct Time
1. is echo an internal command or an external command? What is its role? How do i show "The Year is 2016.Today is 10yue 26" for two lines?With the type command, ECHO is an internal command:[[Email protected] ~]# type echoEcho is a shell builtinecho function: Displays the input content directly.Echo-e "The year is 2016. \ n today is 7. "[Email protected] ~]# ECHO-E "The year is 2016. \ntoday is 7. "The year is 2016.Today is 7.2. is printf an internal command or an external command? What is its ro
and scheduling of such threads is done by the kernel because the overhead of such threads is large ( but generally less than the process overhead)3. n:m[maps N User-level threads to M kernel-level threads, requires n>=m, contemporary POSIX threads (that is, the threading model currently used by Linux)]The N:M threading model provides level two control that maps a user thread to a system's scheduler to implement a parallel LWP, which is called a light
**/pthread_key_t key;pthread_once_t Once_control = pthread_once_init;typedef struct tsd{pthread_t tid; char *str;} tsd_t;//thread-specific data destruction functions,//used to destroy the actual data pointed to by each thread void destructor_function (void *value) {free (value); cout Attached-linux/unix thread Private data realization idea:Original link:http://blog.csdn.net/caigen1988/article/details/7901248The main idea of a thread-private dat
>>. BASHRC [[email protected] ~]$ cat. BASHRC # bashrc# Source global definitionsif [-F/ETC/BASHRC];Then. /etc/bashrcfi# User specific aliases and Functionsumask 01776, set/TESTDIR/F1 permissions, so that User1 users can not read and write execution, G1 group can read and write,Set/testdir/dir permissions so that new files automatically have ACL permissions: USER1:RW,G1:---,Backs up ACLs for all files in the/testdir directory, clears all ACL permissions for/testdir, and restores with backup[[em
Summarize the management features of RPM and Yum implementations packages
RPM implementation of package management functionsInstallation:Command format: rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] package_file ...Options:-I.:-V: Show detailed procedure,-VV,-VVV-H:Each RPM package is provided with one or more capabilities--nodeps: Ignore dependency installation--REPLACEPKGS: Reload PackageExample:
Linux OPS Pra
we process 4 times, where one of the instantiated related built-in variables is Gl_invocationid, which represents the call value of the geometry shader request (invocation) Assignment ( Invocation), can also be simply understood as the first few calls, through Gl_invocation to give Gl_viewportindex assignment to which viewport, and Model_matrix is the viewport rendering matrix, So the process of this geometry shader is to set the viewport index first, and then use the viewport's matrix to trans
/sysconfig/test | Egrep-o "[^/][a-za-z0-9]+$"650) this.width=650; "title=" 9.png "src=" Http://s3.51cto.com/wyfs02/M01/72/76/wKioL1XkUtnSQKNuAACz26y4F1Q779.jpg " alt= "Wkiol1xkutnsqknuaacz26y4f1q779.jpg"/>10. Find out the number of 1-255 in the execution result of IP add commandIP Add | Egrep "\650) this.width=650; "Width=" 907 "height=" 142 "title=" 8.png "style=" width:601px;height:131px; "alt=" Wkiol1xj9chceefxaagqhdrnzq8567.jpg "src=" Http://s3.51
situation, when a thread ends, the system resources it consumes are not released, that is, there is no real termination. only when the Pthread_join () function returns does the created thread release the system resources that it occupies . In the case of detached attributes, the system resources that it occupies are released immediately at the end of a thread. one thing to note here is that if you set the Detach property of a thread, and the thread runs very fast, it is likely to terminate befo
Linux Process understanding and practice (2) zombie and orphan processes and file sharingOrphan process and zombie process orphan process: if the parent process exits first and the child process has not exited, the parent process of the child process will become the init process. (Note: Any process must have a parent process)
# Include
Zombie process: if the child process exits first and the parent process
pthread_setspecific bound thread 2, at which time thread 1 calls pthread_getspecific returns the key_t bound TSD pointer, which is still a TSD pointer to thread 1, even though key_t There is only one, but each thread has its own TSD.Specific data. With the key-value Implementation, a thread creates a keyand other threads are created. but not the same fast memory pointing to. They point to their own data.This is thread-specific data.In the above code, even Sleeep (2), thread 1 's data is not a
another host. It can be used with the default settings by just specifying a hostname (e.g. ping raspberrypi.org ) or an IP address (e.g. ping 8.8.8.8 ). It can specify the number of packets to send with the -c flag.Nmapnmapis a network exploration and scanning tool. It can return port and OS information about a host or a range of hosts. Running just would display the options available as well as nmap example usage.HOSTNAMEThe hostname command displays the current hostname of the system. A privi
EXECVP start a new program in the program:To create a new process with fork:Forkdemo2 Code:When testing the fork, refer to the Linux authoritative guide reading notes (3) using patches:[Email protected] programming]#diff-C forkdemo2.c forkdemo2_new.c > Forkdemo2.Patch[email protected] programming]#PatchPatchPatchingfileForkdemo2.c[[email protected] programming]#ls-Lrttotal7-rwxrwxrwx1Root root4953Sep6 One: toForkdemo2-rwxrwxrwx1Root root4957Sep6 One
; /* Band event (is int in GLIBC 2.3.2 and earlier) */int si_fd; /* File Descriptor */short SI_ADDR_LSB; /* Least significant bit of address (since Linux 2.6.32) */}Sigqueue
#include FunctionSigqueue is a new signaling signalling system called, mainly for real-time signal support signal with parameters , and function sigaction () with the use.One more parameter than the KILL function:Const Union sigval value (
graph bar will change depending on the scale;Press J or press K to scroll up or down the screen to display the connection record;Press 1 or 2 or 3 to sort by the three-column traffic data displayed on the right;Sort by Sort by > According to the host name or IP of the remote target host;Press O to toggle whether the current connection is fixed only;Press F to edit the filter code, this is translated by the saying, I have not used this!You can use the shell command, this is useless! I don't know
OpenGL ShadowsIn a three-dimensional scenario, in order to make the scene look more realistic, you often need to add a shadow to it, OpenGL can use many techniques to achieve the shadow, and one of the very classic implementations is to use a shadow map implementation, in this section we will use a shadow map to achieve a simple scene of the shadow.PrincipleUsing shadow maps to implement shading, the principle is to use OpenGL rendering to the map to render the current scene through depth
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