http://blog.csdn.net/warmyellow/article/details/5454943Introduction to LDA algorithmA LDA Algorithm Overview:Linear discriminant Analysis (Linear discriminant, LDA), also called Fisher Linear discriminant (Fisher Linear discriminant, FLD), is a classical algorithm for pattern recognition, It was introduced in the field of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence in 1996 by Belhumeur. The basic idea of sexual discriminant analysis is to project the high-dimensional pattern samples to the o
Introduction to LDA algorithmA. LDA Algorithm Overview:Linear discriminant Analysis (Linear discriminant, LDA), also called Fisher Linear discriminant (Fisher Linear discriminant, FLD), is a classical algorithm for pattern recognition, It was introduced in the field of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence in 1996 by Belhumeur. The basic idea of sexual discriminant analysis is to project the high-dimensional pattern samples to the optimal discriminant vector space, so as to achieve th
In recent years, with the explosive growth of IP business volume, China Telecom is beginning to develop towards the next generation of Sustainable Development. Building a fiber-optic infrastructure with huge transmission capacity is the physical basis of the next generation of networks. The traditional G.652 single-mode optical fiber has been unable to meet the above-mentioned development needs of ultra-high-speed long-distance transmission networks. The development of new optical fiber has beco
1. focus)
When the light parallel to the optical axis is injected into the convex lens, the ideal lens should be all the light gathered at a point, and then spread out in a cone, which gathers a point of all the light, it is called focus.
2. circle of confusion)
Before and after the focus, the light starts to accumulate and spread, and the image of the point becomes blurred to form an expanded circle, which is called a dispersion circle.
In reality, w
optical fiber fusion process, and provides a reference for the development of similar lasers.
2. optical fiber loss types
2.1 Optical Fiber intrinsic loss
The intrinsic loss of optical fiber is the inherent loss of optical fiber. Because of the defects of the matrix material of the optical fiber, the crystal glass contains transition impurities and OH-, the light will produce scattering, absorption and dispersion during transmission, it can be divide
system to the 100 Gbit/s OTN system, the following requirements must be met:
1) supports 50 GHz channel spacing;
2) dispersion (CD) margin ± 700 ps/nm;
3) polarization modulus dispersion (PMD) margin of 10 ps (DGD average value );
4) It can be smoothly upgraded in the existing DWDM network and OTN network;
5) there is no major crosstalk cost for existing DWDM channel signals.
100 Gbit/s OTN system upgrade
a broad measure of data The distribution characteristics of the data can be described in three ways: 1 ) The concentration trend of the distribution, reflecting the degree of convergence or aggregation of the data to its central value; 2 ) The dispersion degree of the distribution, reflecting the trend of the data away from its central value; 3 ) The shape of the distribution, reflecting the skewness and peak state of the data distribution. Measurem
This paper will introduce the generation and characteristics of optical soliton, the structure, key technology and superiority of optical soliton communication system. At last, the development of optical soliton communication is also introduced.
The practical process of the keywords color astigmatism soliton
Everything is progressing in the development, optical communication in the ultra long distance, super large capacity development process, encountered the optical fiber loss and
1. To provide wider spectral bandwidth for the optical fiber of the metropolitan area Network, because the typical distance of the metropolitan network is less than 80 km, the optical amplifier is rarely used, and the group velocity dispersion of the fiber is not the primary limitation. More importantly, the metropolitan area network typically requires support for a large number of users and tends to increase frequency bandwidth and enhance management
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13) Any existing filter materials (polyester, polypropylene, acrylic, PPS, polyamide, p84, PTFE, fiberglass, various filters and their processing, including PTFE Film) meeting system requirements can be used)
14) Existing cloth bags can still be used as emergency spare parts (or mixed-use)
Folding bag can be used in any bag filter, but it is especially suitable for the existing dust filter whose air volum
entrained in the industrial gas of the tiny fog, for the diameter of 3-5 micron droplet, the overall mist removal efficiency of more than 98%. Usually used in the material of the screen de-foaming device stainless steel (304, 304L, 316, 316L, etc.), pp (polypropylene), PTFE (PTFE), nickel wire, titanium wire, copper wire and so on.Performance Description:The net layer thickness of the mesh is divided into
0.25%, 16 mg, ≤ 16 mg or ± 16 mg. That is to say, accuracy cannot be connected to numbers. If a number is required, uncertainty is available. For example, it can be said that "the expansion uncertainty of measurement results is 2.μInstead of 2.μ".
The accuracy specified in some measurement instrument specifications or technical specifications is actually the maximum allowable error or Allowable Error Limit of the instrument and should not be confused with the definition of measurement accuracy
SDH system is expected to obtain 2dB ber performance improvement. In the hope of further improvement, the Out-of-band FEC may be used, which is derived from the submarine cable system. Now many companies have developed SDH systems using Out-of-band FEC, and some even claimed that in the 10GB/S system can improve the 8dB. But so far the ITU-T has not yet determined what error-correcting codes apply to the Out-of-band FEC of land-based systems, each of which is based on ASIC and system design in
Open Bo The third chapter still reviews the most basic concepts of statistics involved in data analysis, including the following concepts: standard deviation, standard error.10 Standard deviationin probability and mathematical statistics, standard deviation (Deviation, symbol \ (\sigma\)) is the square root of the squared variance. The standard deviation definition is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the total units ' standard values and their average deviations squared. It reflects the
the structure of the surface light source first has the following information:1. Aluminum Structureappearance structure, and the main structure of the LED heat dissipation-usually using AL6063, aluminum extrusion die, the upfront cost of low investment, the appearance of beautiful treatment, heat dissipation, the previous days to see the exhibition also found that there are manufacturers to do die-casting structure, so the IP level can do a higher point, and seal the light better, all beautiful,
The following are the two major causes of fiber loss:1 Optical fiber intrinsic lossThe intrinsic loss of optical fiber is the inherent loss of optical fiber, mainly due to the defects of the optical fiber machine matrix material quartz glass and the metal transition impurities and oh-, so that the light in the transmission process to generate scattering, absorption and dispersion, generally can be divided into scattering loss, absorption loss and
multiplexing system develops extremely rapidly. Therefore, all kinds of newly developed optical devices are more or less related to wavelength division multiplexing. The development of DWDM has been the pursuit of a higher frequency spectrum efficiency, on the one hand, improve the speed of each channel, on the other hand increase channel density. At the rate, the current commercial systems are mostly 2.5gbit/s or 10gbit/s, the higher rate 40gbit/s systems are being applied, and commercial appl
For successful data analysis, it is very important to grasp the nature of data as a whole, and to use statistics to examine the characteristics of data, mainly to check the degree of concentration, degree of dispersion and distribution shape of the data, which can be used to identify some important properties of the whole data set, and has a great reference for the subsequent data analysis.
one, basic statistics
The basic statistics used to describe
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As the most important component of optical instruments, optical glass has a direct impact on the imaging quality of mirrors. optical Glass is first divided into Mian brand glass and Firestone glass according to the content of lead oxide. less than 3% of these are Mian brand glass and more than 3% are Firestone glass, later, as the number of glass types increased, the refractive index and
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