modify, solve the problem.something:At first, it is true to use Has_key (), the results of the upload code at the time, the company code check too, the hint can not use this function, can only be changed to in Dict.key () This way, why companies do not let this pass? After some Baidu, found the reason: In the Python3, directly the Has_key () function to delete, so prohibit the use. What if it's forbidden? Originally python in is very intelligent, can
General web site will have robots.txt files, in this file to allow web crawler access to the directory, also provides a directory to prohibit crawler access.The reason to pay attention to this file is that access to the Forbidden directory will be banned from your IP address accessThe following defines a Web site map crawler,def crawl_sitemap (URL): # Download the sitemap file sitemap = Download (URL) # Extract the Sitemap links Links = Re
Unpacking is to extract each element of a sequence or map separately, and a simple use of a sequence unpacking is to extract the first or previous elements separately from the following elements, for example:First, seconde, *rest = sequenceIf there are at least three elements in the sequence, then after executing the above code, first = = Sequence[0], second = = Sequence[0], rest = = sequence[2:].function receives indeterminate parameterWhen the param
; B = [' A ', ' B ', ' C ', ' d ']>>> map (A, B) Traceback (most recent call last): F Ile "• You can see that the map needs to specify the first parameter, because map does not automatically ignore two different numbers of lists, specifying the parameters as padding for the list of insufficient numbers:>>> B.pop () ' d ' >>>
Map function:
Prototype: Map (function, sequence), which maps a list to another list, How to use: def f (x): Return x**2 L = Range (1,10) Map (f,l) OUT[3]: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
Reduce function
Prototype: reduce (function, sequence, startvalue), which is to summarize a list as an output,How to use: def f2 (x, y): Return X+y Reduc
image results The spider is simple enough to use the Python third-party library requests and BEAUTIFULSOUP4, the code is concise enough, suitable for learning. The core code is as follows: Kongjiespider crawled pictures are saved in a local folder: Kongjie Results The flight attendant crawlers are stacked on my github: https://github.com/ychenracing/Spiders/tree/ Master/kongjiexxx crawler did not say, go to GitHub to see. Have a surprise. The final s
Map (f, Itera) # Use F (x) for each elementlambda x:x**2>>> l = map (sq,[-1,0,1,2,-3])>>> list (l) [1, 0, 1, 4, 9]Of course, you can also pass in two parameters:Lambda x, y:x + y>>> l = map (lambda x, y:x + y, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9], [2, 4, 6, 8, ten ])>>> list (l) [3, 7, 11, 15, 19]Reduce (f (x), Itera) # x1 The result F (x1) Continuation and the next element of the
(1) Lambda
A lambda is a python that creates an anonymous function in the form of the following syntax:
Lambda [arg1[, arg2, ... argn]]: expressionUse examples:
#使用法一
fun = lambda x,y:x+y
print Fun (1,2)
#输出结果为:
3
#使用法二
print (lambda x,y:x+y) (1,2)
# Output:
3
#上面法一和法二相当于:
def func_1 (x, y): return
x + y
print func_1 (1, 2)
(2) Map ()
Map (function, sequenc
The Map,filter and reduce function arguments in Python must all be a function and a parameter.
The difference is:
When the map executes, a function is typically executed once for each element in the parameter or list, returning a list of the functions that were executed after the individual parameters. Map (functio
Map function:
Prototype: Map (function, sequence), which maps a list to another list,How to use:def f (x):Return x**2L = Range (1,10)Map (f,l)OUT[3]: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
Reduce function
Prototype: reduce (function, sequence, startvalue), which is to summarize a list as an output,How to use:def f2 (x, y):Return X+yReduce (f1,l)OUT[
(1) Lambda
Lambda is a useful syntax in Python that allows you to quickly define a single-line minimum function. Similar to a macro in C, it can be used wherever a function is needed.The basic syntax is as follows:函数名 = lambda args1,args2,...,argsn : expressionFor example:Add = Lambda x,y:x + yPrint (ADD)
(2) Filter
filterfunction is equivalent to a filter, the function prototype is: filter(function,sequence) , for each element in t
, Cmap=cm.gist_earth, vert_exag=0.1, blend_mode= ' soft ')Surf = Ax.plot_surface (X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, Facecolors=rgb,Linewidth=0, Antialiased=false, Shade=false)Plt.show () #最后渲染出你好看的三维图吧 (2333333333333333333)PS: The python I used is anaconda integrated, avoids installing Matplot (233333333333)Anaconda Install Gdal, installation method gray often simple win+r cmd into the command window and then enter the
1. Apply the ' function ' method to each element in the ' iterable ' of the iterated function and return the result as a list.Here's an example:>>> def add100 (x):... return x+100...>>> hh = [11,22,33]>>> Map (ADD100,HH)[111, 122, 133]As the document says: Add100 the elements in HH and returns a list of the results.2. If an additional iterative parameter is given, the ' function ' is applied to the element ' parallel ' in each iteration parameter. (tr
Map ()Return an iterator-Applies function to every item of iterable, yielding the resultsFor example:A = map (lambda x:x**2, [I/z ])printfor in a])Results:[1, 4, 9]Or:A = map (lambda x,y:x+y, [],[1,2])print for in a])Results:[2, 4]filter(function, iterable)Construct a iterator from those elements of iterable for which function returns TRUE. If function None is, a
1. Use map and reduce write a str2float function to convert a string ‘123.456‘ into a floating-point number 123.456 : fromFunctoolsImportReducedefStr2Num (s):return{'0': 0,'1': 1,'2': 2,'3': 3,'4': 4,'5': 5,'6': 6,'7': 7,'8': 8,'9'8 {}[s]defStr2float (s):if '.' inchS:#splits the string s into a list types = S.split ('.') #divide by decimal point, calculate and add separately returnReduceLambdaX, Y:x*10+y,
The map () function, which receives two parameters, one is a function, the other is a sequence, and map () acts on each element of the sequence in turn, and returns the result as a new sequence;AA = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]print ("", List (map (Lambda a:a * A, aa)))#Map-result = [1, 4, 9, 16, 2 5] The filter () function,
At work you need to convert the elements in the List object (list type) to the set type, which requires access to the elements after the conversion is complete.The first step is to use the map method to convertdata = [[1, 3, 4], [2, 3, 5], [1, 2, 3, 5], [2, 5]]print (data) # [[1, 3, 4], [2, 3, 5], [1, 2, 3, 5], [2, 5]]-------------- -----------data = map (set,data) print (data) # Step two, visit the mapPr
elements of the list x to build a dictionary, the key value is the list of each element, value is None4. Get (key) to find value based on key5. Hash_key (x) find if the dictionary contains a key value x6. Update (x) updating another dictionary with one dictionary7, Popitem () delete the last element and return8, Pop (key) delete the key value corresponding to the element9. Items () Converts the dictionary to a list and returns10, Iteritems () Convert dictionary to list, return iterator11. Key (
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