1-4 classification of traditional operating systems

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First, the development process of the operating system
The development of operating system is developing with the development of computer hardware technology, application demand and software technology.
Goal: Full use of hardware
To provide better service
Mainframe computer-----PC-----Network----Mobile computing----cloud computing----Ubiquitous computing (Internet of Things)----robotics

Ii. classification of traditional operating systems
Batch processing operating system
Ctss
Real-time Operating system
PC Operating System
Distributed operating system
Embedded operating system

1, batch processing operating system
Working mode:
The user gives the job to a system operator
The system operator composes a number of jobs for many users, enters into a computer system, and forms a continuous workflow of automatic transfer
Start the operating system
The system automatically and sequentially executes each job
The operator gives the job result to the user

1. Pursue goals: increase resource utilization and increase job processing throughput

2. Key words

Batch: There are usually a number of jobs, the user submits the job can only wait for the results, can not interfere with the execution of their own jobs
batch job Processing: Performs the same processing for each job in a batch of jobs, reads the user jobs from tape and compiles linked user jobs to generate executable programs, initiates execution, executes and outputs results

3. Question:
Slow input and output processing is done directly by the host, and the CPU is in a wait state when the input and output
4. Solution: Satellite machine: Complete user-oriented input and output (paper or card), intermediate results temporarily on tape or on disk

5. Technology to implement batch processing (spooling system)
The technology commonly used in the implementation of batch systems
1961, University of Manchester, UK, Atalas machine
Simultaneous PE Online ripheral operation on-line (simultaneous peripheral operation, also known as spool technology)

6. Thought:
The use of disk sitting buffer, the input, output, and calculate a separate task flow, so I/O and the computer really parallel

7. How the spooling system works
User jobs loaded into the input wells on disk
Select a few well-matched jobs according to a certain scheduling strategy, and transfer into memory
Output of the job run outputs to the output well on disk
The result of the operation is sent from the output well on the disk to the printer

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8. The printing process of modern computer systems is usually based on spooling technology

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2. Time-sharing operating system

One host, multiple terminals, terminal no computing power, terminal typing command, waiting for host to answer

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1. Time Slice (slice)
The operating system divides the CPU time into several fragments, called time slices
The operating system takes time slices, turns for each end user Service, one time slice per service
It is characterized by the use of human illusion, so that users do not feel the computer in the service of others

2. Pursuit of objectives:
Timely response (based on response time)
Response Time:
The time it takes to send a command from the terminal to the system to give the answer

3. General operating system
Combination of time-sharing and batch processing system
Principle: time-sharing priority, batch processing in the post
Front Desk: Jobs that require frequent interaction
Background: Jobs with low time requirements

4. Real-time operating system
Refers to the ability of a computer to respond to external events in a timely manner, to complete the processing of the event within a strict time limit, and to control all 2 devices and real-time tasks in unison
1. Classification:
First class: Real-time Process Control
Industrial control, aviation, military control
Type II: Real-time communication (information) processing
Telecommunications (automatic switch), banking, aircraft booking, stock market

2. Goals to pursue:
Respond to external requests within a strict time frame
High reliability
3. Features:
The key parameter is the time
Example: Industrial Process Control system---automotive assembly line
Hard real-time system: an action must definitely be done at a specified time or timeframe
Soft real-time system: accept occasional violation of the final time limit

5. Personal Computer operating system
The computer asks for a single user service at a certain time
Pursuit of Goals:
Friendly interface and easy to use
Rich application software

6. Network operating system
Based on the computer network, on various computers operating systems
Software developed according to Network Architecture Protocol standards
1. Functions: Network management, with the trust, security, and resources to share a variety of network applications
2. Pursuit of objectives: mutual communication, resource sharing

7. Distributed Operating system
Distributed system: Based on computer network, or multiprocessor-based, the basic feature is the processing distributed on different computers
Distributed operating system: a unified operating system that allows several computers to collaborate and work together to accomplish the same task. The operating system can run various system tasks on any processor in the distributed system, and automatically implement
System-wide task allocation, automatic scheduling, equalization of workload for various processors
Enhanced processing capabilities, faster speed, increased reliability, and transparency

8. Embedded operating system
Hardware and software systems that perform specific functions in a variety of devices, devices, or systems automobiles, mobile phones, televisions, MP3 players
They are part of a large device, device, or system, and this large device, device, or system may not be a ' computer '
Usually working in a reactive or more stringent environment for processing time
The system software that runs in the embedded system environment, unifies, dispatches, directs, and controls the whole embedded system and the resources which it operates, controls and so on.
9. Smart Card Operating system
Smart card: A card containing a piece of CPU chip
Characteristics:
Very stringent operating power consumption and storage space limitations some smart cards have only a single function, such as electronic payment
A dedicated operating system
Some smart cards are Java-oriented, that is, there is a Java virtual machine interpreter in the ROM of the smart card. Java programs are downloaded to the card and interpreted by the JVM interpreter, and some cards can handle multiple Java applets at the same time, which is a multi-channel program and needs to be dispatched to them. Resource management and protection are a prominent issue when running at the same time as two or more small programs. These issues must be handled by the operating system on the card

1-4 classification of traditional operating systems