20165211 preparatory work 3 Linux installation and learning

20165211 pre-Job 3 Linux installation and learning 1. Linux installation involves software: Virtualbox,ubuntu Reference Tutorial: Installing Ubuntu Graphics tutorial based on VirtualBox problems with the installation process

1. After installing VirtualBox, the process of creating a virtual machine, the type is Linux, but 64-bit Ubuntu is not found in the version.

After finding some information on the Internet, I found that my computer did not turn on virtualization and should go into the BIOS to turn on virtualization. It's really going to be a bit of a win10 here. I found a lot of tutorials to find a way to get into the BIOS. This should also be related to the settings of each computer.

After you turn on virtualization, you can set the 64-bit Ubuntu to a smooth one.

1. When installing Ubuntu, follow the link in the tutorial, the result, this download link is wrong, as long as Baidu found the correct link on the website can be.
   

Linux Learning chapter I introduction to Linux

This article mainly introduces the basic concepts of operating system, the history of Linux, the differences between Linux and Windows, and other introductory knowledge.

In this chapter, I see the whole process of Linux development is the countless computer genius of the continuous efforts to promote, with a lot of advantages.

Compared to Windows, its advantages are also obvious

Free use

High safety

High efficiency

Customizable

Wide Application scope

During the Spring Festival, I happened to also go to see a movie--------------2, one fragment of which is the Linux system blowing marvellous, can learn Linux is also very happy.

Chapter II Basic Concepts and operation

Some knowledge of the following:

Usually when we use Linux, we do not deal directly with the system, but through an intermediary program called the shell.

The Shell under the Linux operating system is both the interface of user interaction and the scripting language of the control system.

The Ubuntu terminal uses bash by default.

Create a filetouch file

Go to Catalogcd /etc/

View current directorypwd

Common shortcut keys

Ctrl+d

button	function
tab	Command completion
Ctrl + C	forcibly terminate current program
keyboard input end or exit terminal
ctrl+s	Pause the current program, pause and press any key to resume running
Ctrl + Z	run the current program in the background and revert to the front desk for command FG
Ctrl + A	move the cursor to the input outfit, equivalent to the home key
ctrl+e	moves the cursor to the end of the input line, equivalent to the end key
ctrl+k	Delete from cursor position to end of line
alt+backspace	Delete one word forward
shift+pgup	Scroll terminal display up
shift+pgdn	Scroll the terminal display down
↑	History input Command

Shell Common wildcard characters

character	meaning
*	Match 0 or more characters
?	Match any one character
[List]	Match any single character in the list
[!list]	Matches a character other than any single character in the list
[C1-C2]	Match any single word in c1-c2 such as: [0-9] [A-z]

{String1,string2,...} Match string1 or string2 (or more) one string
{C1.. c2}| Match all characters in c1-c2 such as {1..10}

Banner Main program

Installation

$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install sysvbanner

Print

$ banner shiyanlou

Font Change

$ printerbanner -w 50 A

This chapter job:

Chapter III User and file Rights management

• View User
  $ who am i
$ who mom likes
• Who command

Parameters	Description
-A	Print all that you can print
-D	Print the Dead process
-M	With AM I,mom likes
-Q	Print the current number of logged-in users and user names
-U	Print current logged in user login information
-R	Print Run level

• New user$ sudo adduser lilei
• Switch login User$ su -l lilei
• Exit exit orCtrl+d

• See which user groups you belong to

  1.groups command$ groups shiyanlou

  2. View/etc/group/file$ cat /etc/group | sort
  Filter information$ cat /etc/group | grep -E "shiyanlou"

• Add another user to the sudo user group

$ su shiyanlou $ groups lilei$ sudo usermod -G sudo lilei$ groups lilei

• Delete User$ sudo deluser lilei --remove-home

• Change file Owner

  $ cd /home/lilei$ ls iphone6$ sudo chown shiyanlou iphone6

• Modify file Permissions
  $ chmod 700 iphone6
$ chmod go-rw iphone6

This chapter job

Fourth Linux directory structure and file basic operation

• The difference between a Linux directory and a Windows directory

1. Linux is directory-based and Windows is based on storage media

• FHS Standard
  
• Directory path

1. Go to the top level directory$ cd ..
2. Go to your home directory$ cd ~
3. Get the current directory using PWD$ pwd

• Absolute path: The full path from the root "/" directory to the end of the directory you want to go to
• Relative path: In the current directory. As the starting point, to the end of the directory you want to go to
• Basic operations for Linux files

1. New Blank Document touch command
2. Create a new directory mkdir command, using -p the same parent directory, example$ mkdir -p father/son/grandson
3. Copy file cp command, example$ cp test father/son/grandson
4. Copy directories, cp plus -r or -R , for example$ cp -r father family
5. Delete file: rm , Force delete-f
6. Delete directory: rm command plus -r or-R

7. Moving files: mv , example

   $ mkdir Documents$ mv file1 Documents

8. To rename a file:$ mv file1 myfile

9. Batch rename:

# 使用通配符批量创建 5 个文件:$ touch file{1..5}.txt# 批量将这 5 个后缀为 .txt 的文本文件重命名为以 .c 为后缀的文件:$ rename ‘s/\.txt/\.c/‘ *.txt# 批量将这 5 个文件，文件名改为大写:$ rename ‘y/a-z/A-Z/‘ *.c

1. View the file, cat tacnl
2. Page view File more ,less
3. View file types, example$ file /bin/ls
4. Edit File, example$ vimtutor

Chapter fifth environment variables and file search

• Creating variables$ declare tmp
• Assigning values to variables$ tmp=shiyanlou
• Read the value of a variable$ echo $tmp
• Environment variables

Commands related to environment variables: set ,, envexport

Command	Description
Set	Displays all variables for the current shell, including the built-in environment variables (related to shell appearance, etc.), user-defined variables, and exported environment variables.
Env	Displays the environment variables that are relevant to the current user, and lets the command run in the specified environment.
Export	Displays variables that are exported from the Shell to an environment variable, and can also be exported to an environment variable by it.

• Permanent effect

The Linux variables are divided into, permanent and temporary.
/etc/bashrcStore Shell variables

/etc/profileenvironment variable, permanent effect

• The lookup path and order of the command

1. View PATH Environment variables$ echo $PATH
2. Create a shell script file$ gedit hello_shell.sh
3. Add executable permissions to a file$ chmod 755 hello_shell.sh
4. Execute script$ ./hello_shell.sh
5. Create a C language "Hello World" program$ gedit hello_world.c
6. Use GCC to generate executables after saving$ gcc -o hello_world hello_world.c

7. Create a directory and move the file to it, for example:

   $ mkdir mybin$ mv hello_shell.sh hello_world mybin/

• Add a custom path to the ' path ' environment variable

Add a custom path$ PATH=$PATH:/home/shiyanlou/mybin
Add content$ echo "PATH=$PATH:/home/shiyanlou/mybin" >> .zshrc

• Modify and delete an existing variable
  1. Variable modification

  How variables are set	Description
  ${Variable name # Match string}	Start the match from the back to delete the shortest data matching the matched string
  ${variable name # #匹配字串}	Start the match from the back to delete the longest data matching the matched string
  ${variable name% matching string}	Match from tail forward to delete the shortest data matching string
  ${variable name percent match string}	Match from tail forward to delete maximum data matching string
  ${variable name/old string/new string}	Replace the first string that matches the old string with a new string
  ${variable name//old string/new string}	Replace all strings that match the old string with a new string

  1. Variable deletion$ unset temp
• How to make an environment variable effective immediately
  1. sourceCommand, example$ source .zshrc
  2. sourceAlias of the command . , example$ source .zshrc
• Search for files
  1. whereisSimple and quick, example$ whereis who
  2. locateFast and full, examples $ locate /etc/sh ,$ locate /usr/share/\*.jpg
  3. whichSmall and fine, example$ which man
  4. findFine and thin, for example$ sudo find /etc/ -name interfaces
  5. Time-related command parameters

  Parameters	Description
  -atime	Last Access time
  -ctime	Last time the file content was modified
  -mtime	Last time the file properties were modified

Sixth. Document packaging and compression

• Common Compressed Package file format

file suffix name	Description
*.zip	Zip program to package compressed files
*.rar	RAR Program Compressed files
*.7z	7zip Program Compressed Files
*.tar	Tar program packaging, uncompressed files
*.gz	Gzip (GNU Zip) compressed files
*.xz	XZ Program Compressed Files
*.bz2	BZIP2 Program Compressed Files
*.tar.gz	Tar packaging, gzip program compressed files
*.tar.xz	Tar packaging, XZ program compressed files
*tar.bz2	Tar package, BZIP2 program compressed files
*.tar.7z	Tar pack, 7z program compressed files

• Zip

1. Use the Zip Package folder, for example:

   $ zip -r -q -o shiyanlou.zip /home/shiyanlou$ du -h shiyanlou.zip$ file shiyanlou.zip

2. To set the compression level package, for example:

$ zip -r -9 -q -o shiyanlou_9.zip /home/shiyanlou -x ~/*.zip$ zip -r -1 -q -o shiyanlou_1.zip /home/shiyanlou -x ~/*.zip

viewing compressed file information$ du -h -d 0 *.zip ~ | sort

1. Create an encrypted ZIP package

$ zip -r -l -e -o shiyanlou_encryption.zip /home/shiyanlou

1. Unzip the file$ unzip shiyanlou.zip
2. Quiet mode decompression$ unzip -q shiyanlou.zip -d ziptest
3. View the contents of a compressed package with no pressure$ unzip -l shiyanlou.zi

Specifying the encoding typeunzip -O GBK 中文压缩文件.zip

• rar

1. Installation Tools

$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install rar unrar

1. Create a compressed package or add a file to a compressed package from a specified file or directory

$ rm *.rar$ rar a shiyanlou.rar .

1. deleting files

$ rar d shiyanlou.rar .zshrc

1. View unresolved files

$ rar l shiyanlou.rar

1. Full path decompression

$ unrar x shiyanlou.rar

1. Go to the Path decompression

$ mkdir tmp$ unrar e shiyanlou.rar tmp/

• Tar (most commonly used)

1. Create a tar Package

$ tar -cf shiyanlou.tar ~

1. Unpacking a file to a specified directory

$ mkdir tardir$ tar -xf shiyanlou.tar -C tardir

1. View only unresolved package files

$ tar -tf shiyanlou.tar

1. Preserve file attributes and follow links

$ tar -cphf etc.tar /etc

1. gzip Compressed Files

$ tar -czf shiyanlou.tar.gz ~

1. Unzip the *.tar.gz file

$ tar -xzf shiyanlou.tar.gz

1. Other formats

compressed file format	Parameters
*.tar.gz	-Z
*.tar.xz	-j
*tar.bz2	-j

Seventh. File system operations and Disk Management

• View disk and directory capacity df commands, plus easier-to- -h read
• ducommand to view directory capacity

Parameters	function
Du-h	With--human-readable, the k,m,g is the unit to improve the readability of the information.
$ du-h-D	Specify the depth of the view directory
Du-a	The same--all displays the size of all files in the directory.
Du-s	Only the totals are displayed with--summarize, and only the last plus total value is listed.

• Create a virtual disk

• Create a virtual image file

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=virtual.img bs=1M count=256$ du -h virtual.img

• Format disk

$ sudo mkfs.ext4 virtual.img

• Hanging on disk to the directory tree

1. To view a file system that is already mounted$ sudo mount
2. Mount the real disk to the directory treemount [options] [source] [directory]
3. Common operationsmount [-o [操作选项]] [-t 文件系统类型] [-w|--rw|--ro] [文件系统源] [挂载点]
4. Cases:

$ mount -o loop -t ext4 virtual.img /mnt # 也可以省略挂载类型，很多时候 mount 会自动识别# 以只读方式挂载$ mount -o loop --ro virtual.img /mnt# 或者mount -o loop,ro virtual.img /mnt

• Uninstalling mounted Disks$ sudo umount /mnt
• Partitioning a disk
  1. View hard disk partition table information$ sudo fdisk -l
  2. Enter disk partition mode$ sudo fdisk virtual.img
     
  3. pView Results
• Establishing an associated command for mirroring and loopback devices losetop
  The steps are as follows:

1. See all loopback devices$ sudo losetup /dev/loop0 virtual.img
2. Unlock Device Association$ sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0

3. Installation kpartx Tools

   $ sudo apt-get install kpartx$ sudo kpartx -av /dev/loop0# 取消映射$ sudo kpartx -dv /dev/loop0

4. Formatting

5. Create a new four empty directory to mount the virtual disk:

$ mkdir -p /media/virtualdisk_{1..3}# 挂载磁盘分区$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/loop0p1 /media/virtualdisk_1$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/loop0p5 /media/virtualdisk_2$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/loop0p6 /media/virtualdisk_3# 卸载磁盘分区$ sudo umount /dev/mapper/loop0p1$ sudo umount /dev/mapper/loop0p5$ sudo umount /dev/mapper/loop0p6

1. $ df -hCommand Check Results

Eighth. Help commands under Linux

• Built-in commands and external commands
  1. Built-in command: Part of a shell program that contains simple Linux system commands that do not need to create sub-processes and execute faster than external commands
  2. External command: The utilities section of the Linux system contains a large number of programs, and the command execution process is controlled by the shell

  3. Differentiate built- type in commands and external commands with commands

     type exittype service

• Help command
  1. This command is built into bash
     Get ready:
  2. Built-in commandshelp ls
  3. External commandls --help

• Man command (no distinction between built-in and external commands)--man ls

  Number of chapters	Description
  1	Standard commands (normal command)
  2	System calls (Systems call)
  3	Library functions (Libraries function)
  4	Special devices (equipment description)
  5	File formats (Files format)
  6	Games and toys (gaming and entertainment)
  7	Miscellaneous (Miscellaneous)
  8	Administrative Commands (Administrator command)
  9	Other (Linux-specific) documents used to store kernel routines.

• Info Command (more comprehensive)--info ls

20165211 pre-Job 3 Linux installation and learning