On the rationalization of industrial structure in the Middle city economic Zone
Abstract: The author believes that the rationalization of the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone determines the industrial development speed and economic benefits of the economic zone, and affects its future development level and development direction, therefore, it is of great significance to establish a reasonable industrial structure. The author puts forward the rationalization of the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone in the light of the problems of the industrial structure of the middle urban economic zone in Heilongjiang province, and emphasizes the combination of "pillar industry" with the realization of comprehensive development; to combine the specialization of industrial production with the diffusion of product parts; to bring into play the role of large-scale enterprises , excavating the potential of domestic technological innovation and combining with the introduction of new technology, insisting on the combination of the leading role of state-owned enterprises and the development of collective and individual enterprise.
At present, all over the province in accordance with the "CPC Central Committee on Economic restructuring decision" spirit, has carried out the medium-sized cities and the region's institutions to merge, the implementation of the city county new economic system. In this way, in the province-wide, in accordance with the various medium-sized cities, according to the natural contact, the establishment of various scales, different forms, open, network-type economic zone. such as Jiamusi Economic Zone, Mudanjiang Economic zone. These economic zones belong to the two or three-storey economic zone under the big economic Zone in Harbin, Heilongjiang province. What are the characteristics of the industrial structure of these medium-sized urban economic zones? What are the factors that affect the industrial structure? What are the criteria for rationalizing the industrial structure? What are the main ways to rationalize the industrial structure, and so on, need to be studied. This paper intends to discuss some superficial understandings on the above problems.
General characteristics of industrial structure in medium-sized urban economic zones
The so-called medium-sized city refers to a country in the middle of the two or three and other cities. In the present condition of our country, generally refers to the city that owns 20--50 million population. The so-called medium-sized urban economic zone refers to an open economic area which is based on a medium-sized city and is formed according to the natural connection. The industrial structure of the so-called medium City Economic Zone is the inter-link and quantity proportion of industrial reproduction in a medium-sized city economic zone.
The industrial structure of each medium-sized city economic zone has many different characteristics because of its different natural conditions and economic conditions. However, because of their similarities in urban scale, economic zone form, industrial nature and so on, they still have a lot of common general characteristics.
First of all, the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone compared with the industrial structure of large cities or small towns, has its own characteristics: first, from the size of the enterprise structure, big City economic zone of large enterprises accounted for a larger proportion of small town economic zone of small enterprises accounted for a larger proportion, and medium-sized urban economic zones accounted for a larger proportion Second, from the production technology structure, the industrial production level of the big city economic zone is higher, the industrial production level of the small town economic zone is low, and the middle City economic Zone is a multi-level structure with intermediate production technology as the main. Third, from the industrial sector structure, the big city industry is generally more complete departments, the focus of more departments, its structure presents a comprehensive type. Small town industry is generally less departments, mostly in agricultural products or mineral processing industries mainly, presenting a single type structure. The medium-sized city economic zone is different from the former two, it often only has one or two key departments or the key products, but has developed several supporting departments or products around the key department or the key product, the basic display specialized cooperation type structure.
Secondly, the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone is compared with the industrial structure of the urban and rural areas in the past, and has its own characteristics: the characteristics of the past urban industrial structure is the technology developed and the natural resources are poor; the industrial structure of the former county town is characterized by abundant natural resources and backward technology. Industrial structure Characteristics is to concentrate two favourable conditions and overcome two disadvantages, so that the two advantages of natural resources and science and technology are fully exerted.
Finally, the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone, compared with the agricultural structure and commercial structure, also has its own characteristics: the main activities of agriculture in rural areas, affected by rural natural environment, agricultural structure is generally different from rural natural conditions. The main activities of industry in the city, it requires a certain material and technical conditions, industrial structure generally due to the urban material and technical conditions vary. Business is as good as industry in urban development, but the commercial structure is mainly embodied in the form of purchase and sale of goods, the requirements of material and technical conditions are not as strict as industry.
Second, the main factors affecting the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone
The formation and change of industrial structure in the medium-sized city economic zone are influenced by many factors, which have the following factors under certain conditions of social economic system and economic system:
First, the development level of productivity, especially production technology. The development of medium-sized cities has a development process from low to high. When the level of productivity is still low, while manual labor dominates, the industrial sector and the industry are relatively small, and the links between them are not close nor extensive. With the continuous development of productive forces, the continuous improvement of production technology, social division of labor more and more fine, the industrial sector and the industry gradually increased, the links between them increasingly close, forming a mutually connected organic whole. For example, the Jiamusi region in the 50 's, industrial enterprises are not only a small number, the size of the smaller, and most of the "comprehensive rollup" of the repair plant, the degree of specialization is very low, the relationship is very small. But now, only Jiamusi district, not only has papermaking, textile, food and other light industry production departments, but also has agricultural machinery, coal machine, motor and other heavy industry production departments, as well as rubber, plastics, chemicals, electronics and other emerging industrial sectors. Moreover, the degree of centralization, specialization and union of industrial production has been strengthened, and the industrial structure has changed greatly.
Second, the local geographic location and the natural resource occupancy situation. At a certain level of science and technology and productivity, the geographical position of a region and the state of its main natural resources have a great influence on the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone. For example, some medium-sized urban economic zones have rich mineral resources, so the extractive industry in its industrial structure must account for a large proportion, and some medium-sized urban economic zones have abundant forest resources, so the timber industry in its industrial structure must occupy a large proportion. such as the Jiamusi Economic Zone, has the Sanjiang plain rich land resources, but also has a wide range of water and sea transportation conditions, as well as the surrounding several larger mining areas and forest borders, therefore, it will form a agricultural and sideline products processing industry, for the nearby mining areas, forest area to provide technical services industrial structure.
Thirdly, the change of social production and people's life to the structure of industrial demand. Under other conditions, the change of social demand structure will have a great impact on the change of industrial structure. From the production demand point of view, due to the increasing agricultural productivity, agricultural fertilizer, pesticide, plastic thin mold demand is increasing, will inevitably promote the development of medium-sized urban chemical industry, so that its proportion in the industrial structure increased. From the point of view of life, as people's living standards continue to improve, urban and rural people on TV, washing machines, electric fans and other household appliances demand increases, will inevitably promote the development of medium-sized urban household appliances industry, so that its proportion in the industrial structure has increased. Conversely, if the demand for a particular industrial product for social production and people's livelihood declines, it will directly result in a decline in the production of such products, reducing their share in the industrial structure.
Four, foreign trade situation. With the increasing of China's foreign trade, the relationship between industrial structure change and foreign trade situation is more and more close. Taking Jiamusi economic Zone as an example, in recent years, the number of agricultural auxiliary soil special products in Jiamusi region has been increasing continuously, which has promoted the development of local agricultural auxiliary native product processing industry. Jiamusi TV Factory Since the introduction of Japanese color TV sets of technical equipment, economic benefits continue to improve, So that the electronic industry in Jiamusi Economic Zone has a large development, the electronic industry in the entire industrial structure accounted for a greater proportion of the increase.
Basic signs of rationalization of industrial structure in the medium-sized urban economic zone
Industrial structure is an important part of the national economic structure, the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone reflects the industrial development level and development direction of this economic zone. Reasonable industrial structure is the necessary condition for the coordinated development of industry and the improvement of economic benefit. It is of great significance to establish a reasonable industrial structure for accelerating the modernization of the industrial zone in the medium-sized city.
To establish a reasonable industrial structure in the medium-sized urban economic zone, the following basic points should be met:
First of all, it should conform to socialist production. A medium-sized city economic zone highlights the development of what industrial sector, how the proportion of departments to determine, should continue to meet the growing material and cultural needs of urban and rural people as the starting point. At present, energy, transportation and industrial production sectors for agriculture and science and technology should be included in the key development sectors, so as to promote the rapid development of other industrial sectors.
Secondly, the development and full utilization of various resources should be beneficial. On the one hand, natural minerals and other natural resources should be exploited vigorously to develop mining industry, using agricultural and sideline products and forest resources, vigorously develop paper, food and other light industry, etc. On the other hand, we should make use of the technology and human resources of the city, and develop the production of productive materials especially agricultural machinery. In this way, the advantages of various resources in the medium-sized urban economic area are fully exerted.
Finally, the virtuous cycle of industrial production should be maintained. This means that the machinery, equipment, raw materials and fuel needed for industrial production in the medium-sized urban economic area can be supplied in a timely manner, and the technical and financial difficulties required in the process of industrial production can be resolved in a timely manner, and the products produced by industrial enterprises can be sold smoothly. To achieve this virtuous circle, not only requires the strong support of agriculture and commerce in the economic zone, but also strengthens the cooperation with other medium-sized cities and big city economic zones.
Of course, the rationalization of industrial structure in the so-called medium urban Economic zone is only a relative concept. Under different scientific and technological levels and different productivity situations, there are different requirements and standards, and with the development of social economy and technology, industrial structure must be developed along with it. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure in time in order to adapt to the new objective conditions of continuous development.
Iv. the main ways to rationalize the industrial structure of the medium-sized urban economic zone
At present, there are many unreasonable problems in the industrial structure of the middle urban economic zone in Heilongjiang province, which seriously affects the speed of industrial development and the improvement of economic benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure in the economic system reform to rationalize the industrial structure of the middle City economic zone. To this end, we should focus on the following aspects of work:
1, highlight the "pillar industry" and realize the combination of comprehensive development, the establishment of a reasonable industrial structure. Each medium-sized city economic zone, has its own different resources and economic advantages, the use of these advantages can establish their own advantages of the industry, and take advantage of this industry as a "pillar", the advantages and disadvantages, which is determined by the law of industrial production specialization. However, it is impossible for any economic region to develop a certain one or two industries in isolation, but to establish a number of "derivative industries" or "supporting industries" under the leadership of "pillar industries". In order to realize the comprehensive development of industrial production in economic zone, some interdependent and mutually promoted industrial groups are formed. Taking Jiamusi economic Zone as an example, we should build up six "pillar industries" such as food, chemical industry, machinery, electronics, papermaking, textile and so on with abundant agricultural and sideline products and mineral resources. At the same time, eight industrial groups should be built around these industries. That is, chemical industry groups, plastic industry groups, sugar industry groups, paper industry groups, food industry groups, fiber industry groups, mining industry groups, building materials industry groups.
2, the implementation of industrial production specialization and product components diffusion combination, the establishment of a reasonable industrial product structure. Industrial production specialization cooperation is a scientific organization of industrial production of advanced forms, it is conducive to the expansion of production volume, easy to organize a large number of production and assembly, suitable for the use of special equipment, improve production efficiency. At present, the medium-sized urban economic zone industrial product structure has serious problems, each enterprise product variety, and the entire industrial sector of the product variety is very few, resulting in repeated production between enterprises, the economic benefits are poor. To change this situation, we should systematically implement the Division of Labor and Cooperation between urban and rural areas, enterprises, so as to minimize the product variety, the production of similar products as much as possible concentration. Therefore, some of the "all-around factories" in urban areas must be reformed, and some products are planned to spread to small rural towns. In particular, agricultural and sideline products processing industry, to be as far as possible from the central city to small rural towns transfer, to gradually achieve the rational layout of urban and rural industrial products.
3, play the role of large-scale backbone enterprises and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises to establish a reasonable enterprise scale structure. Centralization of production is an inevitable trend of industrial enterprise scale development, with the increase of industrial productivity and technical level, the scale of enterprises will continue to expand, large enterprises in industrial enterprises in the proportion of more and more. Large enterprises in the industrial development is the backbone of production technology, economic benefits of the major, the development of the whole industry plays an important role. However, small and medium-sized enterprises are not insignificant, it has a small scale, flexible operation, strong adaptability and so on, must also vigorously develop. Only the establishment of large, medium and small enterprises at the same time the development of enterprise scale structure, can form a division of cooperation, complete set reasonable industrial enterprise system.
4, excavate the potential of domestic technological transformation and do a good job of the introduction of new technology to establish a reasonable industrial technology structure. The technical level of the medium-sized city economic zone is generally in the middle and low stage, which is far from the big city economic Zone, and the difference is bigger than the industrial technology of the developed country. To change this backward state of technology, we must work from two aspects: one is to do a good job in the technical cooperation between the domestic urban economic zones, and to maximize the potential of domestic technological transformation. The second is to actively and steadily introduce foreign advanced technology, speed up the technological transformation of China's industry and shorten the gap between industrial technology and foreign industrial technology in China. In this way, the proportion of modern technology is rising continuously, the proportion of traditional technology and general technology is declining, and the industrial technology structure is promoted to a more reasonable direction.
5, adhere to the leading role of state-owned enterprises and the development of collective and individual enterprise combination, establish a reasonable industrial ownership structure. In the medium-sized urban economic area, the general characteristics of industrial ownership structure are state-owned enterprises, urban and rural collective enterprises, urban and rural individual enterprises and other forms of ownership coexist. Among them, the state-owned industrial enterprise is the least in quantity, but it is the biggest from the economic power, it plays a leading role in the industrial development of the whole economic zone, and the industrial enterprises in urban and rural collective ownership have the advantage in quantity, but the economic power is still weak. According to Jiamusi Economic Area statistics, the collective industrial enterprise gross output accounted for only 16% of the total industrial output. Although the individual industrial enterprises in urban and rural areas have been growing in recent years, they have just returned to their 1957 levels. Therefore, in order to rationalize the ownership structure of industrial enterprises, we must adhere to the principle of national, collective and individual together, in the constant consolidation of state-owned enterprises at the same time, vigorously develop urban and rural collective enterprise, appropriate development of urban and rural individual enterprises. Only in this way can we fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects, invigorate the urban and rural markets and prosper the urban and rural economy.
(This article was published in 1986, 1, 15 China Geography 1986 Phase I. BEIJING, Renmin University of China newspapers and magazines Information Center. The paper reproduces the third issue of Chinese Journal of Industrial Economics. Published by Beijing, economic management press. Named Wang Zhenyue, deputy Director and lecturer, Department of Political and Economics, Jiamusi Party School. Won the second prize of Jiamusi outstanding scientific research results, school first prize. ）
A brief discussion on the development trend of rural industrial structure and its influencing factors
Rural industrial structure is an important part of the industrial structure of the whole national economy. Whether the rural industrial structure is reasonable is not only directly related to the development speed and economic benefits of rural economy, but also the rational distribution of the whole national economy. Therefore, the rational adjustment of rural industrial structure is an important part of the second reform in our country.
I. The meaning of rural industrial structure
Rural industrial structure is in the process of rural social reproduction, primary industry, secondary industry, tertiary industry respectively in the different positions and the different proportions. Here, primary industry refers to people directly from nature to obtain products of material production activities, which include farming, aquaculture, mining industry, forestry, etc. secondary industry refers to the production of materials for reprocessing of primary products provided by the first industry, including heavy industry, light industry, construction, etc. The third industry refers to the various production activities and business activities that provide social services for primary industry and the second industry, mainly including commerce, transportation, service industry, financial industry, science and technology, education, culture, health and administrative organs.
At present, the three major industries in China's rural areas have their own main representative departments. The main representative of primary industry is agriculture; The main representative of secondary industry is rural industry; The main representative of the tertiary sector is rural commerce. Therefore, the rural industrial structure can be simply summed up in the rural economy in the agricultural, industrial and commercial three in the different status and the proportion of the different.
The rural industrial structure is a complete system, which includes several levels of subsystems. Its direct second-level subsystem includes agriculture-based primary industry, industrial-oriented secondary industry, and commercial-oriented tertiary industry. Under these three subsystems, it can be divided into several levels of subsystems. such as agricultural systems are divided into farming, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries. Among them, crop is divided into food crops and economic crops, and forestry system is divided into fruit forest and timber plantation, and animal husbandry is divided into farming area and pastoral pasture, and fishery is divided into freshwater fishery and seawater fishery. Industrial system and commercial systems can also be divided into sub-systems and levels. Thus, the rural industrial structure is not equal to the agricultural structure, also does not equal the rural production structure and the rural sector structure, because the latter three are only the sub-system or low level in the rural industrial structure. In the past, there was only a single agricultural production in rural areas, the industry and commerce in rural areas did not form an independent industrial sector, especially the rural tertiary industry was very thin and weak. Therefore, people often confuse rural areas with agriculture, confuse rural industry with agriculture, and confuse rural industrial structure with agricultural production structure. Now, the rural economy of our country has entered into a transitional period of a multi-industry economy transformed from a single agricultural economy of subsistence semi-subsistence to a highly developed commodity production. Therefore, the concept of rural industrial structure and its relationship with other concepts and differences, should be clear.
Second, the general trend of rural industrial structure development
According to the historical analysis of the development of rural industry in China and abroad, the rural industrial structure has a process of continuous development from low level to high level, which can be divided into the following five stages broadly:
The first stage-"grain-vice" structure. "Grain" here refers to the production of food crops, "deputy" refers to the production and management of sideline products outside the grain production. In this structure, the production of food crops is the main business, while the production of cash crops, forest and animal husbandry fishery production, industrial production and commercial operations are as sideline.
The second stage-the "kind-vice" structure. "Species" refers to crop production, including food crop production and cash crop production; "Vice" refers to the production and operation of sideline products other than plantation production. In this structure, the farming industry (that is, the narrow agriculture) is the main business of the countryside, and the forest, animal husbandry, fishery, industrial and commercial industries are all sideline.
The third stage-"agriculture-vice" structure. The term "agriculture" refers to agriculture in the broad sense, including agriculture, forestry, pastoral and fishery, and "Vice" refers to rural industry and commerce. In this structure, agriculture is a large proportion of the rural independent production sector, is the main business, and industrial and commercial is not an independent sector, but dependent on agricultural sideline.
Stage four--"agriculture---business--" structure. Here "agriculture" refers to agriculture, forestry, pastoral, fishery, "work" refers to heavy industry, light industry, construction, etc., "Shang" means business, supply and marketing, materials, foreign trade and so on. In this structure, agriculture, industry and commerce are all independent production or management departments, are the main business. Three of them are: agriculture is the largest, industry second, business is the smallest.
The fifth stage-"Shang-gong-Nong" structure. Here the "business", "work" "agriculture" in the meaning of the same as the fourth stage, and in the proportion of the three different, the order is: the largest commercial, industrial second, the smallest agriculture.
The above five stages of development of rural industrial structure, the first two stages are the most primitive rural industrial structure, it reflects the rural economic social Division of labor is extremely underdeveloped situation, is the natural economy occupies the dominant position of the product, China's thousands of-year feudal system in rural areas, is this industrial structure. The third stage is the industrial structure with semi-self-sufficiency as the main feature, which reflects the undeveloped state of commodity economy and the product of self-sufficiency economy, which is the industrial structure of China since the liberation of rural areas in the past more than 30 years. The stage four is characterized by agriculture and commerce, which reflects the initial development of commodity economy, and is the product of the early stage of the rural commodity economy completely replacing natural economics. At present, on the overall development of China's rural economy, is in the self-sufficiency of semi-self-sufficiency of the transition to commodity economy. Therefore, the basic form of rural industrial structure is "agriculture-vice" and "agriculture-worker-business" cross-structure form. However, due to the vast territory of our country, the natural situation and economic situation vary widely, and the development of commodity economy is very uneven. Therefore, the specific forms of rural industrial structure in different regions are different. For example, some of the mountainous and backward areas away from the city, the industrial structure is still in the "grain-secondary" stage or "kind-vice" stage, and China's coastal rural or large and medium-sized cities suburban rural, industrial and commercial has developed into an independent industrial sector, therefore, its industrial structure has reached the "agricultural-workers-business" stage.
The main factors affecting the rural industrial structure
The state of the industrial structure of a country is determined by many factors, such as its natural, economic and social conditions. The main factors are:
First, the development level of social productivity is the primary factor affecting the rural industrial structure. Under the condition that the productivity level is very low and the science and technology are very backward, the main purpose of people engaged in productive activities is to relieve hunger and fill the belly. So, the rural industrial structure should be "grain-vice" or "kind-vice" structure pattern. When the social productive forces have a certain degree of development, people eat the problem is basically solved, people will be to agricultural production in all areas outside the development, then the corresponding rural industrial structure may be "agriculture-vice" or "agriculture-workers-business" and other structural models. When the social productivity is rapidly improved and the division of labor is highly developed, the proportion of commerce and industry will be much higher than that of agriculture, and then there will be the structural pattern of "Shang-gong-Nong". For example, in the United States, the agricultural labor force accounted for only 3% of the total labor force, engaged in manufacturing accounted for only 13%, the remaining 80% of the labor force are engaged in business, services and other tertiary industry.
Second, the nature of social relations of production is also an important factor affecting the rural industrial structure. Advanced production relations can promote the development of productive forces, and then promote the rural industrial structure to rationalize the change, while the backward production relations hinder the development of productive forces, and then delay the process of rationalization of industrial structure. For example, many countries in Europe and the United States in 18th century due
Established the capitalist relations of production, successively completed the transformation from the agricultural era to the industrial age. China is still a backward agricultural country in the late 19th century and early 20th century because of its long-term feudal production relations. However, when the new socialist relations of production in China after the establishment of less than 10 years to remove the backward agricultural country's hats, the establishment of a relatively complete industrial system, which fully shows the superiority of the socialist system.
Thirdly, economic system and economy policy will also have some influence on the rural industrial structure. Under the socialist relations of production, if the economic system and economy policy is more appropriate, it will greatly mobilize the enthusiasm of the enterprises and workers, continue to enter into the depth and breadth of production, and promote the rapid development of rural industries, thus making the industrial structure more reasonable; on the contrary, if the economic system and policy policies are inappropriate, Will dampen the enthusiasm of enterprises and workers, the scale and structure of rural industry is bound to be a certain limit system. For example, in the past, China has implemented a highly centralized management system and introduced a grain-based approach, restricting the development of forest, pastoral, fishery, industrial and commercial sectors in rural areas. In recent years, the country has implemented the family contract contract, relaxed economic policy, so that a variety of business development, industry and commerce in the rural economy in the proportion of rising, so that the rural industrial structure gradually to rationalize.
Finally, the natural conditions and social conditions have some influence on the rural industrial structure. Natural conditions mainly include the land, mineral deposits, rivers, forests and other natural resources of a country, as well as the geographical location and other conditions. The social conditions mainly include a country's population situation, education level, science and technology levels, economic development of the Sailor Ping, living standards, moral style and so on. Obviously, if a country is rich in minerals such as iron, coal and oil, it will provide a good material base for the development of industry. If a country has a large population and is relatively backward, then the proportion of agriculture in its rural industrial structure must be very large, and the proportion of industry and commerce must be very small. Of course, natural conditions and social conditions can be changed through human endeavor.
The above factors affecting the rural industrial structure are interrelated and mutually restrictive.
(This article was published in the 1986, 1, 26 agricultural Modernization Study of the first phase.) BEIJING, the Agricultural Research Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Signed Wang Zhenyue, Heilongjiang Province Jiamusi Committee Party School. Won the second prize of outstanding scientific research achievements. ）
A brief discussion on the development trend of rural industrial structure and its influencing factors
