A complete set of common Oracle commands

A complete set of common Oracle commands

A complete set of common Oracle commands

The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands. Chapter 1: Log Management

1. forcing log switches

SQL> alter system switch logfile;

2. forcing checkpoints

SQL> alter system checkpoint;

3. adding online redo log groups

SQL> alter database add logfile [group 4]

SQL> ('/disk3/log4a. rdo', '/disk4/log4b. rdo') size 1 m;

4. adding online redo log members

SQL> alter database add logfile member

SQL> '/disk3/log1b. rdo' to group 1,

SQL> '/disk4/log2b. rdo' to group 2;

5. changes the name of the online redo logfile

SQL> alter database rename file 'C:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

SQL> to 'C:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log ';

6. drop online redo log groups

SQL> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7. drop online redo log members

SQL> alter database drop logfile member 'C:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log ';

8. clearing online redo log files

SQL> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'C:/oracle/log2a. rdo ';

9. using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

A. in the init. ora specify utl_file_dir =''

B. SQL> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build ('oradb. ora ', 'c: \ oracle \ oradb \ log ');

C. SQL> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile ('C: \ oracle \ oradata \ oradb \ redo01.log ',

SQL> dbms_logmnr.new );

D. SQL> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile ('C: \ oracle \ oradata \ oradb \ redo02.log ',

SQL> dbms_logmnr.addfile );

E. SQL> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr (dictfilename => 'C: \ oracle \ oradb \ log \ oradb. ora ');

F. SQL> select * from v $ logmnr_contents (v $ logmnr_dictionary, v $ logmnr_parameters

SQL> v $ logmnr_logs );

G. SQL> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

Chapter 2: Table space management

1. create tablespaces

SQL> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ file1.dbf 'size 100 m,

SQL> 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ file2.dbf' size 100 m minimum extent 550 k [logging/nologging]

SQL> default storage (initial 500 k next 500 k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

SQL> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2. locally managed tablespace

SQL> create tablespace user_data datafile 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ user_data01.dbf'

SQL> size 500 m extent management local uniform size 10 m;

3. temporary tablespace

SQL> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ temp01.dbf'

SQL> size 500 m extent management local uniform size 10 m;

4. change the storage setting

SQL> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2 m;

SQL> alter tablespace app_data default storage (initial 2 m next 2 m maxextents 999 );

5. taking tablespace offline or online

SQL> alter tablespace app_data offline;

SQL> alter tablespace app_data online;

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The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands. P; 6. read_only tablespace

SQL> alter tablespace app_data read only | write;

7. droping tablespace

SQL> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8. enableing automatic extension of data files

SQL> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ app_data01.dbf' size 200 m

SQL> autoextend on next 10 m maxsize 500 m;

9. change the size fo data files manually

SQL> alter database datafile 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ app_data.dbf' resize 200 m;

10. Moving data files: alter tablespace

SQL> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ app_data.dbf'

SQL> to 'C: \ oracle \ app_data.dbf ';

11. moving data files: alter database

SQL> alter database rename file 'C: \ oracle \ oradata \ app_data.dbf'

SQL> to 'C: \ oracle \ app_data.dbf ';

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Chapter 3: tables

1. create a table

SQL> create table table_name (column datatype, column datatype]...)

SQL> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

SQL> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

SQL> storage (initial 200 k next 200 k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

SQL> [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache]

2. copy an existing table

SQL> create table table_name [logging | nologging] as subquery

3. create temporary table

SQL> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

On commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4. pctfree = (average row size-initial row size) * 100/average row size

Pctused = 100-pctfree-(average row size * 100/available data space)

5. change storage and block utilization parameter

SQL> alter table table_name pctfree = 30 pctused = 50 storage (next 500 k

SQL> minextents 2 maxextents 100 );

6. manually allocating extents

SQL> alter table table_name allocate extent (size 500 k datafile 'C:/oracle/data. dbf ');

7. move tablespace

SQL> alter table employee move tablespace users;

8. deallocate of unused space

SQL> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9. truncate a table

SQL> truncate table table_name;

10. drop a table

SQL> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11. drop a column

SQL> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoints 1000;

Alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12. mark a column as unused

SQL> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

Alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoints 1000;

Alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

Data_dictionary: dba_unused_col_tabs

Chapter 4: Index

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The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands.

1. creating function-based indexes

SQL> create index summit. item_quantity on summit. item (quantity-quantity_shipped );

2. create a B-tree index

SQL> create [unique] index index_name on table_name (column,... asc/desc) tablespace

SQL> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

SQL> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage (initial 200 k next 200 k pctincrease 0

SQL> maxextents 50 );

3. pctfree (index) = (maximum number of rows-initial number of rows) * 100/maximum number of rows

4. creating reverse key indexes

SQL> create unique index xay_id on xay (a) reverse pctfree 30 storage (initial 200 k

SQL> next 200 k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5. create bitmap index

SQL> create bitmap index xay_id on xay (a) pctfree 30 storage (initial 200 k next 200 k

SQL> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6. change storage parameter of index

SQL> alter index xay_id storage (next 400 k maxextents 100 );

7. allocating index space

SQL> alter index xay_id allocate extent (size 200 k datafile 'C:/oracle/index. dbf ');

8. alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

Chapter 5: Constraints

1. define constraints as immediate or deferred

SQL> alter session set constraint [s] = immediate/deferred/default;

Set constraint [s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. SQL> drop table table_name cascade constraints

SQL> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table

SQL> create table xay (id number (7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

SQL> using index storage (initial 100 k next 100 k) tablespace indx );

Primary key/unique/references table (column)/check

4. enable constraints

SQL> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5. enable constraints

SQL> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

Chapter 6: LOAD data

1. loading data using direct_load insert

SQL> insert/* + append */into emp nologging

SQL> select * from emp_old;

2. parallel direct-load insert

SQL> alter session enable parallel dml;

SQL> insert/* + parallel (emp, 2) */into emp nologging

SQL> select * from emp_old;

3. using SQL * loader

SQL> sqlldr scott/tiger \

SQL> control = ulcase6.ctl \

SQL> log = ulcase6.log direct = true

Chapter 7: reorganizing data

1. using expoty

$ Exp scott/tiger tables (dept, emp) file = c: \ emp. dmp log = exp. log compress = n direct = y

2. using import

$ Imp scott/tiger tables (dept, emp) file = emp. dmp log = imp. log ignore = y

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The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands.

3. transporting a tablespace

SQL> alter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$ Exp sys/.. file = xay. dmp transport_tablespace = y tablespace = sales_ts

Triggers = n constraints = n

$ Copy datafile

$ Imp sys/. file = xay. dmp transport_tablespace = y datafiles = (/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/Sles02.dbf)

SQL> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4. checking transport set

SQL> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check (ts_list => 'sales _ Ts'..., incl_constraints => true );

View in Table transport_set_violations

SQL> If dbms_tts.isselfcontained is true, it indicates self-contained

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Chapter 8: managing password security and resources

1. controlling account lock and password

SQL> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2. user_provided password function

SQL> function_name (userid in varchar2 (30), password in varchar2 (30 ),

Old_password in varchar2 (30) return boolean

3. create a profile: password setting

SQL> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3

SQL> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30

SQL> password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function

SQL> password_grace_time 5;

4. altering a profile

SQL> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

SQL> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5. drop a profile

SQL> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6. create a profile: resource limit

SQL> create profile pai_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

SQL> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view => resource_cost: alter resource cost

Dba_Users, dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits

SQL> alter system set resource_limit = true;

Chapter 9: management users

1. create a user: database authentication

SQL> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users

SQL> temporary tablespace temp quota 10 m on data password expire

SQL> [account lock | unlock] [profile profilename | default];

2. change user quota on tablespace

SQL> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3. drop a user

SQL> drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user

View: dba_users, dba_ts_quotas

Chapter 10: managing privileges

1. system privileges: view => system_privilege_map, dba_sys_privs, session_privs

2. grant system privilege

SQL> grant create session, create table to managers;

SQL> grant create session to scott with admin option;

With admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3. s

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The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands. Ysdba and sysoper privileges:

Sysoper: startup, shutdown, alter database open | mount, alter database backup controlfile,

Alter tablespace begin/end backup, recover database

Alter database archivelog, restricted session

Sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option, create database, recover database

4. password file members: view: => v $ pwfile_users

5. O7_dictionary_accessibility = true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6. revoke system privilege

SQL> revoke create table from karen;

SQL> revoke create session from scott;

7. grant object privilege

SQL> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

SQL> grant update (first_name, salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8. display object privilege: view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9. revoke object privilege

SQL> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10. audit record view: => sys. aud $

11. protecting the audit trail

SQL> audit delete on sys. aud $ by access;

12. statement auditing

SQL> audit user;

13. privilege auditing

SQL> audit select any table by summit by access;

14. schema object auditing

SQL> audit lock on summit. employee by access whenever successful;

15. view audit option: view => all_def_audit_opts, dba_stmt_audit_opts, dba_priv_audit_opts,
Dba_obj_audit_opts

16. view audit result: view => dba_audit_trail, dba_audit_exists, dba_audit_object,
Dba_audit_session, dba_audit_statement

Chapter 2: manager role

1. create roles

SQL> create role sales_clerk;

SQL> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

SQL> create role hr_manager identified externally;

2. modify role

SQL> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;

SQL> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

SQL> alter role hr_manager not identified;

3. assigning roles

SQL> grant sales_clerto scott;

SQL> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

SQL> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4. establish default role

SQL> alter user scott default role hr_clerk, sales_clerk;

SQL> alter user scott default role all;

SQL> alter user scott default role all privileges t hr_clerk;

SQL> alter user scott default role none;

5. enable and disable roles

SQL> set role hr_clerk;

SQL> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

SQL> set role all distinct T sales_clerk;

SQL> set role none;

6. remove role from user

SQL> revoke sales_clerk from scott;

SQL> revoke hr_manager from public;

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The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands.> 7. remove role

SQL> drop role hr_manager;

8. display role information

View: => dba_roles, dba_role_privs, role_role_privs, dba_sys_privs,
Role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, session_roles

Chapter 2: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v $ sga, v $ instance, v $ process, v $ bgprocess, v $ database, v $ datafile, v $ sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

> V $ fast_start_servers, v $ fast_start_transactions

4. perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)

> Shutdown immediate

> Cp files/backup/

> Startup

5. restore to a different location

> Connect system/manager as sysdba

> Startup mount

> Alter database rename file '/disk1/.../user. dbf' to '/disk2/.../user. dbf ';

> Alter database open;

6. recover syntax

-- Recover a mounted database

> Recover database;

> Recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf ';

> Alter database recover database;

-- Recover an opened database

> Recover tablespace user_data;

> Recover datafile 2;

> Alter database recover datafile 2;

7. how to apply redo log files automatically

> Set autorecovery on

> Recover automatic datafile 4;

8. complete recovery:

-- Method 1 (mounted databae)

> Copy c: \ backup \ user. dbf c: \ oradata \ user. dbf

> Startup mount

> Recover datafile 'C: \ oradata \ user. dbf;

> Alter database open;

-- Method 2 (opened database, initially opened, not system or rollback datafile)

> Copy c: \ backup \ user. dbf c: \ oradata \ user. dbf (alter tablespace offline)

> Recover datafile 'C: \ oradata \ user. dbf' or

> Recover tablespace user_data;

> Alter database datafile 'C: \ oradata \ user. dbf' online or

> Alter tablespace user_data online;

-- Method 3 (opened database, initially closed not system or rollback datafile)

> Startup mount

> Alter database datafile 'C: \ oradata \ user. dbf' offline;

> Alter database open

> Copy c: \ backup \ user. dbf d: \ oradata \ user. dbf

> Alter database rename file 'C: \ oradata \ user. dbf' to 'd: \ oradata \ user. dbf'

> Recover datafile 'e: \ oradata \ user. dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;

> Alter tablespace user_data online;

-- Method 4 (loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)

> Alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;

> Alter database create datafile 'd: \ oradata \ user. dbf' as 'C: \ oradata \ user. dbf''

> Recover tablespace user_data;

> Alter tablespace user_data online

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The ORACLE tutorial is a complete set of common Oracle commands. 5. perform an open database backup

> Alter tablespace user_data begin backup;

> Copy files/backup/

> Alter database datafile '/c:/../data. dbf' end backup;

> Alter system switch logfile;

6. backup a control file

> Alter database backup controlfile to 'control1. bkp ';

> Alter database backup controlfile to trace;

7. recovery (noarchivelog mode)

> Shutdown abort

> Cp files

> Startup

8. recovery of file in backup mode

> Alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9. clearing redo log file

> Alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

> Alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10. redo log recovery

> Alter database add logfile group 3 'C: \ oradata \ redo03.log' size 1000 k;

> Alter database drop logfile group 1;

> Alter database open;

Or> cp c: \ oradata \ redo02.log 'C: \ oradata \ redo01.log

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