ArcGIS Image Registration and spatial registration

ArcGIS Image Registration and spatial registration

ArcGIS Image Registration and spatial registration

Map registration can be divided into video registration and spatial registration. The image registration object is a raster graph, such as a TIFF chart. The image after registration can be saved as an ESRI GRID, TIFF, or erdas imagine format. Spatial registration (spatial adjustment) is a vector data registration.

First, image registration

Registration in ArcGIS:

1. Open ArcMap and add the Georeferencing toolbar.

2. Add the images that need to be corrected to ArcMap and find the tools in the Georeferencing toolbar active. Select the coordinate system in the coordinate properties of the View/data frame properties. In the case of the geodetic (projection) coordinate system Select projected coordinate system in predefined, the coordinate units are generally meters. If the geographic coordinate system (coordinates are represented by latitude and longitude), select geographic coordinate system.

3. You can remove the tick before "auto adjust" before correcting. In the middle of the school we need to know the coordinates of some special points. such as the intersection of the kilometer grid, we evenly take a few points, not less than 7. In practice, these points should be evenly distributed across the graph.

4. First, the Georeferencing toolbar's georeferencing menu under Auto Adjust is not selected.

5. On the Georeferencing toolbar, click the Add Control Point button.

6. Use the tool to pinpoint a control point on the scan, then right click, input X and y enter the actual coordinate position of the point. The geographic coordinate system should be used to enter latitude and longitude, latitude in decimal notation, such as 110°30 ' 30 ' should be written as 110.508 (=110+30.5/60).

7. In the same way, add multiple control points to the image and enter their actual coordinates.

8. After adding all the control points, under the Georeferencing menu, click Update Display.

9. After the update, it becomes the real coordinates.

10. Under the Georeferencing menu, click Rectify to save the calibrated image.

Registration in ArcView:

Software Preparation: ArcView, Image wape expansion module must be installed

Data preparation: Raster images, must have coordinates (geodetic coordinates or graticules)

Steps:

1, find the grid image of the coordinate point, at least four, sit punctuation distribution should be uniform.

2. Open ArcView, click Chart, click New, create a new table

3. Enter x, y coordinates (point coordinates on the grid),

4, click Save. Open the View window and click Theme,add Event Theme to set the X, Y field in the newly created table.

5. When you import into the view, you can see several points.

6, then convert to SHP, transform it into a point. shp file, added to the view.

7, in the view, Propertise set the projection method you want.

8, then the control point file is done.

9, Next, close all the Windows, click File-extension,image Wape, click on this module, the menu bar more than one line image Wape

10. Click on Image Wape--image wape session and select the raster image you want to match to the first box. Then select the point file that you just generated to the second box.

Second, space registration (ArcGIS)

1, first in the ARC catalog to face the need to match the vector map set projection method (right click on the graph, in the Shapefile attribute table in the Shape field properties, define the corresponding projection mode;

2, through Excel or Notepad to create a text file, enter the coordinate values of several control points, X is the direction, y is the latitude, can be kilometer grid coordinates, and the above definition of the projection method corresponding to save;

3. Open the vector image in ArcMap and set it to "start editing" in "editor";

4. Set adjust data to "Select all the features in these layers" (all features in these), and adjustment in the "Spatial registration" (spatial), and then on the link Open the above control point file;

5, first double-click the coordinates in the control point file, and then find the corresponding point in the vector map double-click, that is, set up the first link, according to this method, establish a number of links;

6. Click "Registration" under "Space Registration" (available from gray to black), then registration is complete.

Precise registration of ZZ geographical coordinates

Spatial adjustment for vector registration

Georeferncing for grid Registration

Precise registration of geographical coordinates

ArcMap Registration

Http://hi.baidu.com/sinogis/blog ... 7186264e4aea02.html

Like many friends, we can only get a paper topographic map, and we have to scan it ourselves, and then register it in ArcMap. It's confused for people who are just beginning to get in touch.

My previous misunderstanding: "Just contact with ArcGIS, feel very simple, do not scan first, then load the data in ArcMap, and then georeferencing registration." The GPS data collected in the field is converted to an Access database via Excel and then loaded into ArcMap and then display data. In this way, the dots are cast on the chart. "

Oh, at first, I really thought that was the way to do it. But to the layout view interface, after inserting the scale bar, it was very confusing to find out how to insert the bar and the original image of the pair. After a lot of learning, only to know that there are many profound knowledge, any point of no attention will be wrong. I would like to share with you a summary of my study.

The first thing to know is the geographical coordinates and the geodetic coordinates, the simple geographical coordinates are the spherical coordinates, and the geodetic coordinates are the plane coordinates. To learn more about the difference between the two, you can search the Web-related information.

The process of geographic coordinates to geodetic coordinates is called projection.

Use 1:50,000 topographic map to give an example, is the Beijing 1954 coordinate system, 6 degrees the Gaussian gram Gauss–krüger projection of the band.

There are two kinds of coordinates, one is often said square in the net, is the interval is 1 kilometers of grid. There is the latitude and longitude on the corners.

Our commonly used GPS data is WGS84 coordinate system, is a common degree of minute and minute format. It is important to note that the latitude and longitude on the topographic map is not the latitude and longitude of the WGS-84, but the latitude and longitude of the Beijing 1954 datum plane. Moreover, this latitude and longitude is not spherical coordinate, but the plane coordinate that passes through the Gaussian gram gauss–krüger projection. The conversion of wgs-84 to Beijing 1954, which is often mentioned on the forum, is the problem, and the conversion of the two is related to the issue of the band Secret point of the map, and the transformation parameters are not disclosed. In China, the two coordinate systems with a little latitude and longitude of dozens of meters difference.

Having learned the knowledge above, we began to do image registration in ArcMap, assuming that everyone knows the basic operation steps, so I only focus on the description of the work.

1, first copy the diagram to the working directory

2, find a picture in arccatalog that needs to be fitted, and define a projection system for him (note the difference from the projection transformation). Here we are using a 1:50,000 topographic map, which is based on the Beijing 1954 coordinate system, 6 degrees with the Gaussian G-gauss–krüger projection. In the topographic map side of the Web can be seen in the map of the degree of the sub-band, which is assumed to be 19. So we're going to choose the Beijing 1954 GK Zone 19.prj. There is also a Beijing 1954 GK zone 19n.prj in the catalogue, which is used for non-degree bands. And our picture is to include the number of the degree band. This can be found in the online "ArcGIS coordinate file" to learn more.

3, after a projection system is defined for the registration diagram, the diagram is loaded into ArcMap and opened with the Georeferencing tool, which is directly used to register the intersection point of the square. The problem here is that the coordinates of the square in the topographic map are kilometers, and the input should be meters. So we need to add 000 to the corresponding coordinates of the square net. If a topographic map reads an intersection (19387, 3420), 19387 of 19 is a band number and is also entered, then this point should be entered (19387000, 3420000). The rest of the registration process is consistent with the online tutorials.

4, the registration can be in the lay properity inside the display units into degrees seconds, so the map is displayed in the latitude and longitude format. Latitude and longitude at this time is based on the Beijing 1954 datum, you can point the cursor to the latitude and longitude of the four-dimensional mark to check the accuracy of registration.

So far, the topographic map has been accurately fitted. Next, load GPS data inside.

1, in the way you can think of the GPS receiver on the data export, in addition to a manual input, hehe.

2, try to set up a database bar, so convenient

3, loading the resulting database in ArcGIS, using defined query to select the data you need to display

4, if you need to accurately display GPS data on the topographic map, then you also need a WGS-84 to Beijing 1954 coordinate conversion. There is the best conversion parameters, if not, but do need, go online to check the handheld GPS receiver conversion parameters estimate this article. We are here to assume that there is no need for accurate display, directly to the WGS-84 data as Beijing 1954来. The front also said, there is a certain error, but not big. So jump straight to 5.

5, Display x, y Datas, defined as the WGS-84 coordinate system.

(In fact, I have doubts here, because now the topographic map is projected after the diagram, according to my understanding, it should be spherical coordinates of the WGS-84 data projection transformation can be used.) But a lot of information, are here to directly define the data source is WGS-84, perhaps ArcGIS at the point of casting, you can automatically transform. )

6, OK, now the point also cast up, ArcGIS work of the most basic work is completed.

Then go to the Layout view interface, insert a scale, and found that the scale on the topographic map is very consistent with:-), the display unit to kilometer, with measure tool can be used to measure the distance of any point on the topographic map, a test of the kilometer grid, very accurate.

Geographical coordinates, geodetic coordinates

Geographic coordinates: spherical coordinates. The reference plane is the ellipsoid surface. Coordinate units: Warp latitude

Geodetic coordinates: Planar coordinates. The reference plane is the horizontal coordinate unit: meters, kilometers and so on.

The process of converting geographic coordinates to geodetic coordinates can be understood as projections. (Projection: Converting irregular earth surfaces to planes)

Two sets of coordinate systems are predefined in ArcGIS: geographic coordinate system (geographic coordinate system) projected coordinate system (projected coordinate system),

1, first understand the geographic coordinate system (geographic coordinate system), geographic coordinate system literal translation is

Geographic coordinate system, which is a storage unit with latitude and longitude as the map. It's obvious that geographic coordinate syst

EM is a spherical coordinate system. We want to store the digital information on the earth on the spherical coordinate system, how to operate

It? The earth is an irregular ellipsoid, how to store data information in a scientific way to the ellipsoid? This inevitably requires

We find such an ellipsoid. Such an ellipsoid has characteristics: it can be quantified and calculated. With a long half shaft, short

Half axis, eccentric heart rate. The following lines are the krasovsky_1940 ellipsoid and its corresponding parameters.

spheroid:krasovsky_1940

Semimajor axis:6378245.000000000000000000

Semiminor axis:6356863.018773047300000000

Inverse flattening (flat rate): 298.300000000000010000

However, with this ellipsoid it is not enough, and a geodetic datum is needed to locate the ellipsoid. In the coordinate system, stroke

In this section, you can see that there is a line:

datum:d_beijing_1954

Indicates that the geodetic plane is d_beijing_1954.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

With the spheroid and datum two basic conditions, the geographic coordinate system can be used.

Full parameters:

Alias:

Abbreviation:

Remarks:

Angular Unit:degree (0.017453292519943299)

Prime Meridian (starting longitude): Greenwich (0.000000000000000000)

Datum (earth plane): d_beijing_1954

Spheroid (Reference ellipsoid): krasovsky_1940

Semimajor axis:6378245.000000000000000000

Semiminor axis:6356863.018773047300000000

Inverse flattening:298.300000000000010000

2, Next is projection coordinate system (projection coordinate systems), first look at the projection sitting

Some of the parameters in the standard system.

Projection:gauss_kruger

Parameters:

false_easting:500000.000000

false_northing:0.000000

central_meridian:117.000000

scale_factor:1.000000

latitude_of_origin:0.000000

Linear Unit:meter (1.000000)

Geographic coordinate System:

name:gcs_beijing_1954

Alias:

Abbreviation:

Remarks:

Angular Unit:degree (0.017453292519943299)

Prime Meridian:greenwich (0.000000000000000000)

datum:d_beijing_1954

spheroid:krasovsky_1940

Semimajor axis:6378245.000000000000000000

Semiminor axis:6356863.018773047300000000

Inverse flattening:298.300000000000010000

As can be seen from the parameters, each projected coordinate system is bound to have geographic coordinate systems.

The projection coordinate system is essentially a planar coordinate system whose map units are usually meters.

So why are the parameters of the coordinate system present in the projection coordinate system?

At this point, it is also important to illustrate the significance of projection: the process of converting spherical coordinates to planar coordinates is called projection.

Well, the projection condition comes out:

A, spherical coordinates

b, conversion process (i.e. algorithm)

In other words, to get the projected coordinates, you have to have a spherical coordinate of the "take" projection, before you can use the algorithm

to the projection!

That is, each projected coordinate system must require a geographic coordinate system parameter.

About Beijing 54 and Xi ' an 80 is the coordinate system we use most

First introduce the basic knowledge of Gauss-G gauss–krüger projection, understand directly skip, China's large and medium-scale maps are used Gaussian-gram gauss–krüger projection, which is usually 6 degrees and 3 degrees with the projection, 1:25,000 -1:50-scale topographic map using the difference of 6 degrees, 1:10,000 scale topographic map using the difference of 3 degrees. The specific zoning method is: 6 degrees from the Prime meridian beginning, according to the difference of 6 degrees for a projection belt from west to East division, the world is divided into 60 projection belt, with the number of the 1-60;3 is from the longitude of 1 degrees 30 seconds longitude, according to the difference of 3 degrees for a projection belt from the west to the east, a total of 120 projection In order to facilitate the surveying operation of topographic map, a planar Cartesian coordinate system is arranged in the Gaussian-G gauss–krüger projection belt, the specific method is that the central meridian is the x axis, the equator is the Y axis, the central meridian and the equator intersection are the coordinates origin, the x value is positive in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is negative, the Y value is positive Since our territory is in the northern hemisphere, the X value is positive, in order to avoid negative value of y, it is stipulated that the coordinate longitudinal axis of each projection belt is shifted westward by 500km, and the original horizontal value of the central meridian is changed from 0 to 500km. In order to facilitate the distinction between the points of the band, you can add the revving number of the Y-value at each point, such as the coordinates of a point within 20 bands can be represented as ya=20 745 921.8m.

In the coordinate systems\projected coordinate systems\gauss kruger\beijing 1954 directory, we can see four different naming methods:

Beijing 1954 3 degree GK CM 75e.prj

Beijing 1954 3 degree GK Zone 25.prj

Beijing 1954 GK Zone 13.prj

Beijing 1954 GK Zone 13n.prj

The explanations for them are as follows:

Three degrees of the Beijing 54 coordinate system, the central meridian in the East 75 degrees of the sub-belt coordinates, the horizontal axis before the band number

Three degrees of the Beijing 54 coordinate system, the central meridian in the East 75 degrees of the sub-belt coordinates, horizontal axis plus the number

Six Degrees of the Beijing 54 coordinate system, the band number is 13, the horizontal axis plus band number

Six Degrees of the Beijing 54 coordinate system, the band number is 13, the horizontal axis before the band number

In the coordinate systems\projected coordinate Systems\gauss Kruger\xian 1980 directory, the file naming method has changed:

Xian 1980 3 degree GK CM 75e.prj

Xian 1980 3 degree GK Zone 25.prj

Xian 1980 GK CM 75E.PRJ

Xian 1980 GK Zone 13.PRJ

Xi ' an 80 coordinate file naming style, meaning and Beijing 54 The first two coordinates are the same, but there is no "band number +n" This form, why did not adopt a unified naming method? It's a little confusing to see.

=======================================

Geodetic coordinates (geodetic coordinate): coordinates of the reference ellipsoid in geodetic measurements. The position of the ground point P is indicated by the Earth longitude L, the Earth latitude B and the earth height H. When the point is on the reference ellipsoid, it is represented only by the longitude and latitude of the Earth. The longitude of the earth is through the angle between the meridian plane of the earth and the beginning of the Earth meridian, and the latitude of the earth is the angle between the normal of the point and the equatorial plane, and the earth height is the distance of the ground point along the normal to the reference ellipsoid.

Square Net: is a grid of two sets of parallel lines parallel to the projection axis. Because it is every kilometer to draw the coordinates of the longitudinal line and horizontal lines, so called square in the net, because the square line is also parallel to the Cartesian axis of the coordinate network cable, it is also known as rectangular coordinate network.

On the topographic map of 1:10,000--1:20, the longitude is shown directly in the form of the contour line, and the corresponding degrees are injected at the angle of the figure. In order to encrypt into a net in the diagram, inside and outside the outline is also painted encrypted Graticule encryption sub-line (the scheme is called "the" "sub-band"), if necessary, corresponding to the short-term connection can constitute an encrypted longitude network. 1:2 50,000 topographic map, in addition to the Neatline profile is painted on the latitude and longitude Network encryption division, the figure also has a cross-line encryption.

China's 1:500,000--1:100 topographic map, on the surface directly painted longitude nets, Neatline profile also for the encryption Longitude network encryption sub-line.

The coordinate system of a Cartesian mesh is the x-axis of the line projected by the central Meridian, and the line after the equator is the y-axis, and their intersection point is the origin of the coordinates. In this way, there are four quadrants in the coordinate system. The vertical axis from the equator to the north is positive, negative to the south, the horizontal axis from the central meridian, the east is positive, West is negative.

Although we can assume that the square is rectangular, geodetic coordinates are spherical coordinates. But we often see in a map of the square and latitude and longitude network, we are accustomed to the longitude and latitude network for the geodetic coordinates, this time the Earth coordinate is not the spherical coordinates, she and the net projection of the square is the same (usually Gaussian projection), is also a planar coordinate

Summary of the experience of image registration in ArcGIS

Like many friends, we can only get a paper topographic map, and we have to scan it ourselves, and then register it in ArcMap. It's confused for people who are just beginning to get in touch.

My previous misunderstanding: "Just contact with ArcGIS, feel very simple, do not scan first, then load the data in ArcMap, and then georeferencing registration." The GPS data collected in the field is converted to an Access database via Excel and then loaded into ArcMap and then display data. In this way, the dots are cast on the chart. "

Oh, at first, I really thought that was the way to do it. But to the layout view interface, after inserting the scale bar, it was very confusing to find out how to insert the bar and the original image of the pair. After a lot of learning, only to know that there are many profound knowledge, any point of no attention will be wrong. I would like to share with you a summary of my study.

The first thing to know is the geographical coordinates and the geodetic coordinates, the simple geographical coordinates are the spherical coordinates, and the geodetic coordinates are the plane coordinates. To learn more about the difference between the two, you can search the Web-related information.

The process of geographic coordinates to geodetic coordinates is called projection.

Use 1:50,000 topographic map to give an example, is the Beijing 1954 coordinate system, 6 degrees the Gaussian gram Gauss–krüger projection of the band.

There are two kinds of coordinates, one is often said square in the net, is the interval is 1 kilometers of grid. There is the latitude and longitude on the corners.

Our commonly used GPS data is WGS84 coordinate system, is a common degree of minute and minute format. It is important to note that the latitude and longitude on the topographic map is not the latitude and longitude of the WGS-84, but the latitude and longitude of the Beijing 1954 datum plane. Moreover, this latitude and longitude is not spherical coordinate, but the plane coordinate that passes through the Gaussian gram gauss–krüger projection. The conversion of wgs-84 to Beijing 1954, which is often mentioned on the forum, is the problem, and the conversion of the two is related to the issue of the band Secret point of the map, and the transformation parameters are not disclosed. In China, the two coordinate systems with a little latitude and longitude of dozens of meters difference. China 3S Bar 3s8.cn

Having learned the knowledge above, we began to do image registration in ArcMap, assuming that everyone knows the basic operation steps, so I only focus on the description of the work.

1, first copy the diagram to the working directory

2, find a picture in arccatalog that needs to be fitted, and define a projection system for him (note the difference from the projection transformation). Here we are using a 1:50,000 topographic map, which is based on the Beijing 1954 coordinate system, 6 degrees with the Gaussian G-gauss–krüger projection. In the topographic map side of the Web can be seen in the map of the degree of the sub-band, which is assumed to be 19. So we're going to choose the Beijing 1954 GK Zone 19.prj. There is also a Beijing 1954 GK zone 19n.prj in the catalogue, which is used for non-degree bands. And our picture is to include the number of the degree band. This can be found in the online "ArcGIS coordinate file" to learn more.

3, after a projection system is defined for the registration diagram, the diagram is loaded into ArcMap and opened with the Georeferencing tool, which is directly used to register the intersection point of the square. The problem here is that the coordinates of the square in the topographic map are kilometers, and the input should be meters. So we need to add 000 to the corresponding coordinates of the square net. If a topographic map reads an intersection (19387, 3420), 19387 of 19 is a band number and is also entered, then this point should be entered (19387000, 3420000). The rest of the registration process is consistent with the online tutorials.

4, the registration can be in the lay properity inside the display units into degrees seconds, so the map is displayed in the latitude and longitude format. Latitude and longitude at this time is based on the Beijing 1954 datum, you can point the cursor to the latitude and longitude of the four-dimensional mark to check the accuracy of registration. China 3S Bar 3s8.cn

So far, the topographic map has been accurately fitted. Next, load GPS data inside.

1, in the way you can think of the GPS receiver on the data export, in addition to a manual input, hehe.

2, try to set up a database bar, so convenient

3, loading the resulting database in ArcGIS, using defined query to select the data you need to display

4, if you need to accurately display GPS data on the topographic map, then you also need a WGS-84 to Beijing 1954 coordinate conversion. There is the best conversion parameters, if not, but do need, go online to check the handheld GPS receiver conversion parameters estimate this article. We are here to assume that there is no need for accurate display, directly to the WGS-84 data as Beijing 1954来. The front also said, there is a certain error, but not big. So jump straight to 5.

5, Display x, y Datas, defined as the WGS-84 coordinate system.

(In fact, I have doubts here, because now the topographic map is projected after the diagram, according to my understanding, it should be spherical coordinates of the WGS-84 data projection transformation can be used.) But a lot of information, are here to directly define the data source is WGS-84, perhaps ArcGIS at the point of casting, you can automatically transform. )

6, OK, now the point also cast up, ArcGIS work of the most basic work is completed. :)

Then go to the Layout view interface, insert a scale, and found that the scale on the topographic map is very consistent with:-), the display unit to kilometer, with measure tool can be used to measure the distance of any point on the topographic map, a test of the kilometer grid, very accurate.

ArcGIS Image Registration and spatial registration