Basic Linux knowledge 99 (III)

3. Enter the Linux Hall: 35
20. What are the hardware requirements for installing Linux?

Linux has very low hardware requirements and can run on an ibm pc with a CPU of more than 386 and a memory of more than 8 Mb. However, due to insufficient support from device vendors, Linux does not provide good support for many new devices. Drivers of new devices are always slow.

21. What are the preparations for installing Linux?

1) collect system information, including the memory size, CDROM interface type, scsicard model, Nic model, mouse type, video card chipset, clock chip, and video memory size;

2) Check the CMOS settings, disable virus development, and set it to start from the optical drive;

3) If your Linux installation disk cannot be automatically started, you need to create a boot disk;

4) free up hard disk space for Linux installation, preferably around 1 GB.

22. What basic knowledge should I have before installing Linux?

When installing Linux, at least two partitions are required: Linux native primary partition and Linux Swap partition. The primary partition is used to store Linux Files, And the swap partition provides virtual memory for running Linux.

A swap zone can contain a maximum of 8-256 M values. Generally, you can create a swap zone with a memory size.

In DOS, No matter physically or logically, each partition is an independent part, such as drive C, drive D, and drive E. Each disk has a root directory. In Linux, physical partitions are one by one, while all logical partitions are a whole. in Linux, there is only one root directory.

23. How do I name my hard disk in Linux?

Linux processes hard disks in the same way as the DOS system. Partition and format the disks first. Partition commands are different. In DOS, each partition is represented by an English letter, while in Linux, it is more flexible. It uses a combination of letters and numbers to identify hard disk partitions.

For example, "hda1", hd is a part, representing the IDE hard disk. If it is a SCSI hard disk, It is sa; a Represents the IDE1 hard drive (2 represents the IDE1 drive, 3 represents the IDE2 drive, and 4 represents the IDE2 drive ); the last number indicates the partition order of the device. The first four partitions (primary partition and extended partition) are 1-4, and the soft logical partition starts from 5.

24. How to install Linux?

The installation methods provided by each Linux release are not the same, but generally they all go through the following phases:

1) Some Basic settings: such as the installation language and keyboard;

2) Hard Disk partitioning and formatting: The general release provides a graphical interface. If you are not familiar with hard disk partitioning, you are advised to perform this operation at your home;

3) Select the software package to be installed. It is recommended that you install all the software packages for beginners. After you become familiar with the software package, you can re-create the software package to avoid losing the software during the learning process;

4) Device Configuration: for example, printers, network cards, and video cards, please select according to the actual situation;

5) install LILO: it is recommended to install it on the primary boot fan and use LILO for multi-system boot;

6) set the password for Linux Super User root.

You can try the installation by referring to the relevant information of each Linux.

25. How to install multiple operating systems on one hard disk?

Many Linux enthusiasts want to install Linux while keeping Windows 9x as the system. To enable automatic selection of multiple systems, you need a startup manager. Linux has a good startup manager called lilo.

Therefore, when installing multiple operating systems, you only need to install other operating systems first, finally install Linux, and install lilo on the Main Boot fan. In this way, when you restart the system, lilo will appear: Wait for you to select the job system you want to start.

26. how to configure linux Startup manager lilo?

Modify the/etc/lilo. conf file as needed, and then run/sbin/lilo to make the settings take effect. The following is an example of a lilo. conf file:

Boot =/dev/hda

Map =/boot/map

Install =/boot. B

Prompt

Timeout = 50

Default = linux

Image =/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-15

Label = linux

Root =/dev/hda1

Initrd =/boot/initrd-2.2.5-15.img

Read-only

Other =/dev/hda2

Label = windows

Here, timeout is used to set the time for lilo to wait for the input. It indicates that if this parameter is not selected within 5 seconds, it enters default;

The default option is used to specify the system to be started by default;

The image section specifies the linux Startup information, including the startup location and name-linux;

The other section specifies the startup information of other operating systems, including the startup location and name.

27. How to start and shut down the system?

It is easy to start Linux. You only need to select linux (input linux) in lilo. During the startup process, a lot of information will be written to the console until the user logon prompt login appears :, enter the user name and password to log on to the system and start exploring the Linux World.

When shutting down a computer, you must note that you cannot directly turn off the computer power, which will damage the Linux File System. You can use the following command to achieve this:

1) restart: Execute the reboot command or press Ctrl + Alt + Del at the same time;

2) Shut down the system: run the shutdown-h now command.

28. What is the difference between the directory in Linux and DOS/Windows?

The Linux file system is similar to DOS and uses a tree structure. However, the representation of directories is completely different. Linux uses "/" to indicate the root directory, while DOS uses "" to indicate the root directory. The following are commonly used directory commands in Linux:

1) "mkdir directory name": create a directory;

2) "rmdir directory name": delete an empty directory;

3) "cd directory name": Change the directory;

Note: There must be spaces between the cd and the directory name. For example, to go to the root directory, you must use "cd/" instead of "cd /"

4) "pwd": view the directory where you are located;

29. How does one perform file operations in Linux?

You can use the ls-l command to list the detailed information of the Directory, which is equivalent to the dos dir command. The ls command output is as follows:

Total 2

Drwxr-xr-x 2 xu user 1024 Mar 13 sub1

-Rw-r ----- l xu user 678 Jun 15 hodo.txt

The leftmost column is the file/directory permission, the 3rd column is the owner information, the 4th column is the owner's user group, the 5th column is the occupied space, followed by the date and time, the last column is the file/directory name. Some common files are used as commands:

Rm: delete file more: Browse File cp: copy file

30. How to edit a text file?

You can use vi to edit a file. It is the most popular word processing tool in the Unix world. This editor is available on almost all UNIX machines.

1) Start vi: Execute "vi File Name". Once the startup vi is in the command status, you can enter various vi commands and cannot edit them;

2) disk storage: w. Disk Storage Exit: wq. Disk not saved: q !;

3) enter the editing status: insert: I, add:;

4) Exit the editing status: Press ESC;

5) after entering the editing status, the editing is similar to the edit in DOS;

6) There are also some common commands in the command status:

X deletes the cursor's character;

Dd deletes the column where the cursor is located.

31. After Linux is installed, there are a lot of files in the root directory. What are these?

/Bin: stores the most common commands;

/Boot: Start the core file of Linux;

/Dev: The device file;

/Etc: stores various configuration files;

/Home: the main directory of the user;

/Lib: the most basic dynamic link shared library of the system;

/Mnt: generally empty, used to temporarily Mount other file systems;

/Proc: virtual directory, which is the memory ing;

/Sbin: directory for storing system administrator commands;

/Usr: the largest directory, storing applications and files;

/Usr/X11R6: X-Window directory;

/Usr/src: Linux source code;

/Usr/include: System header file;

/Usr/lib: stores frequently used dynamic link shared libraries and static archives;

/Usr/bin,/usr/sbin: This is a supplement to/bin and/sbin;

32. How to install the Nic?

You can use the root user to log on and run netconf to install the NIC. Enter the device name of the network adapter, select the module number of the network adapter, IO address, IRQ interrupt, and other information. Then save the disk and exit. Execute:/etc/rc. d/init. d/network restart;

If your Nic is not listed in the optional Nic module list, you need to download the driver and compile it into a module. Finally, run the "insmod Module name" command to complete the installation.

33. How to drive the D-Link DE220 Nic?

D-Link's DE220 is a cost-effective and supports plug-and-play ISA Nic. However, the plug-and-play function makes it difficult to install it in Linux:

1) in the DOS environment, set it to non-PNP using a tool setup in the drive disk of the DE220 Nic;

2) obtain the I/o address and interrupt number from the control panel of Windows. Generally, the I/O address is 240, and the interrupt number is 10;

3) Start Linux, log on and run "netconf". Set the first Nic to Enable, the device name to eth0, the module to ne, the IO address to 0x240, and the IRQ value to 10;

4) after saving the disk, run/etc/rc. d/init. d/network restart.

34. How to drive the D-Link DFE530 TX Nic?

D-Link 530 TX Nic is a cost-effective 10 M/M adaptive PCI Nic. It has a large user base, and Linux is not listed in the list in the installation wizard.

In fact, Linux generally includes the driver module of this NIC: tulip. o. You can directly execute "insmod tulip" to install the NIC.

35. How to drive the D-Link DFE540 TX Nic?

If your Nic is D-Link DFE540 TX, do not select the NIC during installation. Otherwise, it may cause unnecessary troubles.

1) download the latest tulip. c file and copy it to/usr/src/tulip;

2) run the following command to compile and generate tulip. o:

# Cd/usr/src/tulip

# Gcc-DMODVERSIONS-DMODULE-d1_kernel _-Wall-Wstrict-prototypes-O6-c tulip. c

3) execute insmod tulip. o;

4) run/etc/rc. d/init. d/network restart to enable the NIC to take effect.

36. How to drive the Davicom 9201 Nic?

Davicom 9201 PCI NICs cannot be directly installed on Linux. In fact, most Linux distributions provide this NIC Driver Module-dmfe. o. If your machine is also such a nic, you can skip Nic configuration during Linux installation. After the system is started and logged on, run the "insmod dmfe" command to add the driver module, then run "/etc/rc. d/init. d/network restart.

37. How to drive the second Nic?

In Linux, you can easily use the configuration tool netconf to install the second Nic. In netconf, select the second Nic and the device name: eth1, select its driver module, enter the IO address, and IRQ interrupt number. After the disk is exited, run:

/Etc/rc. d/init. d/network restart

38. How to drive a normal sound card?

In Linux, a sound card configuration tool sndconfig is provided. If your sound card is popular, you can use it to drive your sound card:

1) log on to the system as the root user and run/usr/sbin/sndconfig;

2) Select a sound card from the sound card selection list. Generally, you can use SoundBlaster for sound cards;

3) after the selection, sndconfig requires you to set the IO address of the Sound Card and the IRQ interrupt number, depending on your actual situation;

4) Click OK after setting. If you hear the voice of Linus, you will be done.

39. How to drive the sound card of YAMAHA719?

The driver of the sound card of Yamaha719 in Linux is very troublesome:

1) recompile the core. Do not select sound cards such as SB or sb pro. Select crystal software... Chip;

2) then, reconfigure the sound card and select CS4xxx;

3) Fill in the corresponding I/O address, IRQ interrupt, and DMA.

If your sound card is Yamaha 724, use OSS.

40. How to use the general sound card installer OSS?

OSS is a commercial software that solves the problem of difficult configuration of sound cards in Linux. It supports most of the Linux releases.

1) decompress the downloaded osslinux392v-glibc-2212-up.tar.gz package:

Tar zxvf osslinux392v-glibc-2212-UP.tar.gz

2) Execute./oss-install in the unlocked directory. The program will usually prompt you that you have installed other sound card modules and choose to remove them;

3) The next step is the processing process, protocol and a lot of things. Accept the Protocol installation and use the default installation path (/usr/lib/oss );

4) generally, the oss can automatically detect most sound cards. If they are consistent with your actual situation, select "Save changes and Exit .." in the menu to complete the settings;

5) You can use the/usr/lib/oss/soundon command to open the oss driver and disable the oss driver with/usr/lib/osssoundoff.

41. How to use the general sound card installer ALSA?

ALSA, Advanced Linux Sound Architecture, is a universal PCI Sound Card solution software that complies with GPL copyrights. This software includes two formats: rpm and tar. The rpm format is relatively easy to install. Here we will take the rpm package as an example.

1) download the following four files:

Alsa-driver-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

Alsa-lib-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

Alsa-utils-0.4.1-1.i386.rpm

Alsaconf-0.4.1-1.386.rpm

2) run the following command to complete installation:

Rpm-ivh alsa-driver-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

Rpm-ivh alsa-lib-0.4.1d-1.i386.rpm

Rpm-ivh alsa-utils-0.4.1-1.i386.rpm

Rpm-ivh alsaconf-0.4.1-1.386.rpm

3) then execute the alsaconf command and select the appropriate sound card type;

4) restart the system and run the command:/usr/doc/alsa-driver/snddvices.

42. How to install Modem in Linux?

1) In Windows, check the port on which your Modem is located;

2) in Linux, Modem is used by directly interacting with the port. The relationship is as follows:

COM1:/dev/cau0 COM2:/dev/cau1

COM3:/dev/cau2 COM4:/dev/cau3

3) set the maximum Modem rate:

# Setserial/dev/cau1 spd. hi (the maximum speed is set to 57600bps)

# Setserial/dev/cau1 spd. vhi (the maximum speed is 115200bps)

43. If I use the Modem to dial the number to access the Internet?

1) execute the command ln/dev/modem/dev/cau1 (based on the actual situation)

2) create a script: touch sw, and add:

/Usr/sbin/pppd connect '/usr/sbin/chat "" ATDT163 CONNECT "" ogin: username word: password'/dev/modem 38400 modem defaultrout

Replace username and password with your internet account and password.

3) You can also use the kppp tool in KDE for convenient implementation.

44. Is there a graphical interface in Linux?

To improve the GUI of Unix systems, MIT started an X-window development plan in 1984, x-window is a free software that has become a de facto standard for graphical interfaces in the Unix/Linux World.

X-window is divided into three layers:

1) X-Window underlying library, which is the lowest implementation layer;

2) X-SERVER, the middle layer related to the video card;

3) The Window Manager implements the end user interface, such as KDE and GNOME.

45. how to configure X-Window?

The so-called configuration X-Window is to select X-SERVER based on the actual device of the machine. You can configure it through xf86config or Xconfigure on the graphic interface.

1) run the Xconfigure program and select the appropriate video card type. If not, download the driver of the video card;

2) Select the memory size, and X-SERVER;

3) Select the appropriate resolution and color-depth combination

4) Run startx to start X-Window.

46. How to drive an intel i740 video card?

If your Linux does not recognize i740, you can do this:

1) download the new graphics card database and the i740 xbf driver:

Xf86config-glibc-1.0.0.i386.tgz and xfcomi740.tgz

2) decompress the two packages to overwrite the original directory:

Tar xvfz/tmp/xf86config *. tgz

Tar xvfz/tmp/xfcomi740.tgz

3) Run cp/usr/X11R6/bin/XFCom_i740/usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_XBF_i740;

4) Configure with xf86config: Select 6 for the horizontal scan frequency of the monitor, 2 for the vertical refresh frequency, 311 for the graphics library, and 5 for the Graphics Server type;

5) after the configuration is complete, run startx.

47. How to drive an intel i810 video card?

Intel's two major graphics cards, i740 and i810, are not a small headache for Linux fans. Intel supports Linux with actual actions, the website details how to configure i810 graphics card in Linux. You can download the installation instructions and software at the following URL:

48. How to drive the Savage4 video card?

1) download the driver of savage2000;

2) use the tar-xvfz file name to unbind the driver;

3) after decompression, You can see five files, one of which is XF86_SVGA;

4) Back up/usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA, copy the new XF86_SVGA file to this directory, and replace the file;

5) re-run the xf86config configuration. If no video card is selected, select 3 (that is, SVGA) when selecting X-server;

6) after completion, run startx-bpp32.

49. How to drive the SAVAGE3D video card?

1) download the driver for the Savage3D video card: savagex_0_00004.tar.gz;

2) decompress the program and replace the original file/usr/X11R6/bin with the new XF86_SVGA;

3) run the Xconfigurator, select Unlisted Card When configuring the video Card, and then select Xserver as SVGA;

4) Run startx to run x-win.

50. Is there a general method for video card driver?

Due to limited support from video card manufacturers, it is always difficult to drive the video card in Linux. To solve this problem, Linux 2.2.x and later versions provide a new solution-using the frame buffer device, using the vesa vbe 2.0 standard, using the graphics card SVGA feature, with XFree86's XF86_FBDev, drive your video card. This can indeed help you.

1) Make sure you have the XF86_FBDev file.

2) Run "mknod/dev/fb0 c 29 0" to create the frame buffer device;

3) modify the/etc/lilo. conf file and add:

Image =/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-fb (New Compiled kernel)

Label = linuxfb (start label, which can be customized)

Root =/dev/hda2 (refer to other sections of lilo. conf)

Vga = 0x314 (display mode, refer to the following table)

Appendix: Display Mode table

640x480 800x600 1024x768x1280

256 colors 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x307

32 K color: 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x319

64 K color 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x31A

16 M color 0x312 0x315 0x318 0x31B

4) execute/sbin/lilo to make the configuration take effect, restart the system, and start the system with a new kernel. Of course, if your kernel has been supported, you don't need to make this modification. Simply add the line vga =.

5) configure the frame buffer Server: Add a screen section to the vga configuration in/etc/X11/XF86Config, as shown below:

Section "Screen"

Driver "fbdev"

Device "My Video Card"

Monitor "MAG XJ500T"

Subsection "Display"

Depth 16 (color Depth, must be consistent with the color Depth of the selected Display Mode)

Modes "default"

ViewPort 0 0

EndSubsection

EndSection

6) point X to XF6_FBDev:

Cd/etc/X11

Mv X. bat

Ln-snf/usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_FBDev X

51. How to access the Internet through ISDN?

The Application of ISDN is becoming more and more popular. It is fast and cheap and popular among Internet users. How can I access the Internet through ISDN in Linux?

1) confirm that your Linux kernel already contains the support module for ISDN;

2) driver ISDN card:

For non-plug-and-play Teles 16.3 ISDN cards, run the following command:

# Modeprobe hisax io = 0x180 irq = 10 type = 3 protocol = 2 id = isdn0

For the plug-and-play model, use:

# Pnpdump>/etc/isdn. conf

# Isapnp/etc/isdn. conf

# Modprobe hisax irq = 10 io = 0x680 type = 14 protocol = 2 id = isdn0

3) install Isdn4Linux, run the "makedev. sh" script under the scripts directory, and add the ISDN device;

4) run the echo 1>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr command to support dynamic IP addresses;

5) write another ISDN script based on the ppp script.

52. How to Use the optical drive in Linux?

1) create a directory for hanging the directory tree of the CD:

Mkdir/mnt/cdrom

Of course, the directory name can be named according to your own habits;

2) insert the disc and run the "mount-t iso9660/dev/hdc/mnt/floppy" command. Note that if your optical drive is connected to the slave disk of the first hard drive, change/dev/hdc to/dev/hdb;

3) Then you can access the CD by accessing/mnt/cdrom;

4) when not in use, execute "umount/mnt/cdrom" and then remove the disc.

53. How can I use a soft drive in Linux?

1) create a floppy directory similar to the CD;

2) After a floppy disk is inserted, run the "mount-t msdos/dev/fd0/mnt/floppy" command. Note: If the floppy disk contains a long file name, change "msdos" in the previous command to "vfat". If the file format is Linux, remove "-t msdos ";

3) when not in use, execute "umount/mnt/floppy" and retrieve the floppy disk.

54. How to read non-Linux partition content in Linux?

1) create a directory: mkdir/mnt/other

2) run the "mount-t file system type partition/mnt/other" command;

Note: file system types include modos-FAT16, vfat-FAT32, ntfs-NTFS;

Partition refers to the device name of the partition.

3) when you do not need to use it, run "umount/mnt/other ".