Can Evolution Supply What ecology demands?

This is a new review on trends in Ecology & Evolution, which has an impact factor of more than 10, and has a very heavy weight in ecology. My graduate program is about evolution, which belongs to molecular ecology, population genetics, and the apparent heredity of the hotspot. So concise topic, immediately attracted me, but I do not understand supply and demand what exactly mean? Because the abstract talks about the status of the controversial epigenetic inheritance in evolution. I decided to sweep the total number of times quickly.

On the whole, this side is always suitable for teaching materials, learning evolutionary ecology.

Kokko, H. et al.Can Evolution Supply What ecology demands? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 0,http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347 (16) 30238-5 (Note: The previous reading of the literature basically does not mark, although can read, can also know the experimental ideas and details, but their writing ability has not improved. Now read the literature and feel the need to make a little mark. ) (Note: default bold bold for labeling Glossary of Terms of professional terminology, red marks the importantadjectives and verbs, etc.。 Other marks, no description. SummaryA simplistic Viewof the Adaptive ProcessPictures a hillside along which a population can climb: When ecological ' demands ' change, evolution ' supplies ' the variation needed for the population to climb to a new peak. Evolutionary ecologists point out the this simplistic view can isIncompleteBecause the Fitness LandscapeChanges dynamically as the populationEvolves. GeneticistsMeanwhile have identifiedcomplexitiesRelating to the nature of genetic variation and its architecture, and the importance of Epigenetic variationIs under debate. In this review, weHighlightHow complexity in both ecological ' demands ' and the evolutionary ' supply ' influences organisms ' ability to climb fitness l Andscapes that themselves change dynamically as evolution proceeds, and encourage new synthetic effort across the DIS Ciplines towards ecologically realistic studies of adaptation. Here is a brief version of the summary

adaptation to a changing environment are far from simple. Ecological demands on populations can vary temporally and spatially. Likewise, the supply of genetic and epigenetic variation is inherently complex. Supply and demands can interact and alter evolutionary trajectories. To track and predict adaptation,we need better integration across disciplines.

Directory:

1. Supply and Demand in a changing world
2. Complex and changing demands
3. The supply side:when and how do Does It work?
4. Genetic variation
5. Genetic Architecture
6. Epigenetics, plasticity, and parental Effects
7. Concluding Remarks

1, show the process of adaptation, likened to a population mountain climbing process, the image shows the blue landscape suitability (fitness landscape, that is, ecology demands, is the environment for biological traits, genetic requirements) and distribution of traits (distribution of The trait, or Evolution supply) process, can be seen: Evolution leads to better adaptation, and organisms evolve to match the demands of Their ecology cannot stand. The picture on the left shows that the environment changes too fast, which may lead to the evolution to keep up with the population perish. The image on the right shows that the final adaptation results are influenced by the distribution of traits (genetic structure) and genetic mutations that have been shaped by history, and are not necessarily optimal. This is a bit like the activation energy in the chemical reaction diagram, chemical substances can also be the most stable. It seems that the structural diversity of chemical substances and biodiversity is the same, otherwise the most stable state can always be, there is only one substance, a species, or no life at all. Adaptation through time. A two-dimensional fitness landscape (blue curves) is shown as a function of a phenotypic trait. The distribution of the trait in the population is shown as a red peak. The left panel (pale purple) shows how supply can tract demand when the rate of change was slow (A), but when the rate of C Hange is fast, the demand can outpace supply (B). The right panel (green) shows how evolution can is contingent on past experience and the sequence of demands. (C) in the second environment, the fitness landscape are different between the left and right panEls Subsequent adaptation to these different environments leads to different evolutionary outcomes in the third (rugged) lands Cape, such, the left panel the population moves to a lower fitness peak and in the right it moves to the higher fit Ness Peak. (D) Here the final phenotypes in the population depend on the mutational sequence. All three landscapes is identical, however different mutations arising in the second environment leads to different Evolut Ionary outcomes in the third. Env., environment.  Classic Population GeneticTheory is based on predicting responses to a predefined selection pressure. Selection certainly occurs in the wild:general patterns emerging from meta-analyses of Selection studiesinclude (i) directional selection generally favouring increased body size and earlier phenology, (ii) Stabilizing SEL Ection, which is theoretically predicted to being common, is isn't often observed, (iii) selection on mating success is typical Ly stronger than selection on viability, and (iv) there are a lot of the spatial and temporal variation in strength and directi On selection, though it was often difficult to distinguish such patterns from sampling variation. The following paragraph sets out the comparison regulations, but it is estimated that everyone is confused.InteractionsBetween genotypeand Environmentcan produce phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic changesThat influence adaptation. These interactions (genotype by environment, or g?x?) E) can occurwithin a generation(i.e., phenotypic plasticity) orbetween Generations( parental effects, transgenerational plasticity).The environment can induce changes to gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms : DNA methylation and histone modification [ Parental effects, imprinting, and physiological and behavioural manipulation of Offspring traits [ 78]. epigenetic change was a mechanism that can underlie plasticity and parental effects [ which], could provide faster phenotypic responses to environmental change compared with ' traditional ' ge Netic changes.

Genetic structure (genetic Architecture) can reveal the simplified potential of the population.

Constraints on evolvability. Fitness gradient from Low (blue) to high (yellow) is plotted as a function of the phenotypic traits. Red points correspond to the phenotypic values of individuals currently present in the population and white points refer T o The phenotypic values that could result from mutation and recombination. (A) Available and potential supply allows for adaptation. (B) Available supply (red points) is restricted, and adaptation relies on generating new individuals with different trait Values (white points), which in turn are dependent on population size and structure, mutation, and recombination rate. (C) Available and potential supply are restricted, for example, due to genetic architecture or antagonistic selection actin G on traits, and thus adaptation is constrained. (D) variation in and potential phenotypes exist, but not in the direction required for adaptation.

Appendix Glossary Glossary:

Glossary

• Additive Genetic Variation: component of trait variation that's the result of the Additive effects of genes.
• bottlenecks: Severe reduction in population size.
• Cryptic genetic variation: Standing genetic variation that have little or no effect on phenotypic Variati On under normal conditions, but generates heritable phenotypic variation under changed environmental or genetic conditions .
• Epiallele: A pair (or group) of identical genes that differ in their methylation.
• epimutation: A heritable change in gene activity not associated with a change in the DNA sequence but with Modifi cation of, for example,methylation status or modification of chromatin.
• evolvability: The ability of a population to undergo adaptive evolution.
• genetic drift: changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling from one generation to the next.
• genetic hitchhiking: allele frequency change of probable neutral locus that's genetically linked to a lo Cus under Selection.
• Genetic variation: Differences in DNA sequence between individuals.
• Hill–robertson effect: The probability of fixation of a beneficial mutation can be limited because it finds itself In linkage disequilibrium with a deleterious mutation.
• Linkage disequilibrium: Nonrandom Association of alleles at the or more loci.
• Linked selection: Change of the allele frequency of loci genetically Linked to a locus under selection. Includes allele frequency change due to any action of selection positive selection or Negative/purifying selection (also R Eferred to as background selection).
• Locus/loci: A position in the genome, could is a single nucleotide position or 1000s of base pairs of DNA sequence , it can correspond to a gene or many 100s of genes.
• Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an individual.
• mutational load: reduction in fitness due to deleterious mutations carried by a population
• Robustness: The ability of a phenotype to resist perturbation by mutations (or the environment).

Additive Genetic Variationcomponent of trait variation that's the result of the additive effects of genes.bottleneckssevere reduction in population size.Cryptic Genetic variationstanding genetic variation that have little or no effect on phenotypic variation under normal conditions, but generates Heritable phenotypic variation under changed environmental or genetic conditions.Epiallelea pair (or group) of identical genes that differ in their methylation.epimutationa heritable change in gene activity not associated with a change in the DNA sequence and with modification of, for Exa Mple, methylation status or modification of chromatin.evolvabilityThe ability of a population to undergo adaptive evolution.Genetic Driftchanges in allele frequencies due to random sampling from one generation to the next.Genetic hitchhikingallele frequency change of probable neutral locus , that's genetically linked to a locus under selection.Genetic Variationdifferences in DNA sequence between individuals.Hill–robertson EffectThe probability of fixation of a beneficial mutation can be limited because it finds itself in linkage disequilibrium With a deleterious mutation.Linkage disequilibriumNonrandom Association of alleles at the or more loci.Linked SelectionChange of the allele frequency of loci genetically linked to a locus under selection. Includes allele frequency change due to any action of selection−positive selection or negative/purifying selection (also Referred to as background selection).Locus/locia position in the genome, could is a single nucleotide position or s of base pairs of DNA sequence, it can corres Pond to a gene or many 100s of genes.Mutationa permanent change in the DNA sequence of an individual.mutational Loadreduction in fitness due to deleterious mutations carried by a population.RobustnessThe ability of a phenotype to resist perturbation by mutations (or the environment).

Can Evolution Supply What ecology demands?