The top command is a common performance analysis tool in Linux. it can display the resource usage of various processes in the system in real time, similar to the Windows Task Manager. The following describes how to use it. Top-01: 06: 48up1: 0.06 user, loadaverage: 0.60, 0.4, top command is a common performance analysis tool in Linux, it can display the resource usage of various processes in the system in real time, similar to the Windows Task Manager. The following describes how to use it.
Top-01:06:48 up, 1 user, load average: 0.06, 0.60, 0.48
Tasks: 29 total, 1 running, 28 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu (s): 0.3% us, 1.0% sy, 0.0% ni, 98.7% id, 0.0% wa, 0.0% hi, 0.0% si
Mem: 191272 k total, 173656 k used, 17616 k free, 22052 k buffers
Swap: 192772 k total, 0 k used, 192772 k free, 123988 k cached
Pid user pr ni virt res shr s % CPU % mem time + COMMAND
1379 root 16 0 7976 2456 S 1980 0.7. 03 sshd
14704 root 16 0 2128 980 R 796 0.7. 72 top
1 root 16 0 1992 632 S 544 0.0. 90 init
2 root 34 19 0 0 S 0.0 0.0. 00 ksoftirqd/0
3 root RT 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0. 00 watchdog/0 |
The first five lines in the statistical information area are the overall statistical information of the system. The first line is the task queue information, which is the same as the execution result of the uptime Command. The content is as follows:
| 01:06:48 |
Current time |
| Up :22 |
System running time, in the format of minutes |
| 1 user |
Current login user count |
| Load average: 0.06, 0.60, 0.48 |
System load, that is, the average length of the task queue.
The three values are the average values from 1 minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes ago to the present. |
Second and third, information about the process and CPU. When multiple CPUs exist, the content may exceed two rows. The content is as follows:
| Tasks: 29 total |
Process count |
| 1 running |
Number of running processes |
| 28 sleeping |
Number of sleep processes |
| 0 stopped |
Number of stopped processes |
| 0 zombie |
Number of zombie processes |
| Cpu (s): 0.3% us |
CPU usage percentage of user space |
| 1.0% sy |
CPU usage of kernel space |
| 0.0% ni |
CPU usage percentage of processes that have changed their priorities in the process space |
| 98.7% id |
Idle CPU percentage |
| 0.0% wa |
Percentage of CPU time waiting for input and output |
| 0.0% hi |
|
| 0.0% si |
|
Memory information of the last two behaviors. The content is as follows:
| Mem: 191272 k total |
Total physical memory |
| 173656 k used |
Total physical memory used |
| 17616 k free |
Total idle memory |
| 22052 k buffers |
Memory used as Kernel Cache |
| Swap: 192772 k total |
Total number of swap areas |
| 0 k used |
Total number of swap zones used |
| 192772 k free |
Total number of idle swap areas |
| 123988 k cached |
The total number of buffer swap areas.
The content in the memory is swapped out to the swap zone and then into the memory, but the used swap zone has not been overwritten,
The value isThe content already exists in the memory.The size of the swap area.
When the corresponding memory is swapped out again, you do not have to write data to the swap zone. |
Detailed information about each process is displayed at the bottom of the process information area. First, let's take a look at the meaning of each column.
| Serial Number |
Column name |
Description |
| A |
PID |
Process id |
| B |
PPID |
Parent process id |
| C |
RUSER |
Real user name |
| D |
UID |
User ID of the process owner |
| E |
USER |
User name of the process owner |
| F |
GROUP |
Group name of the process owner |
| G |
TTY |
The terminal name of the startup process. Processes not started from the terminal are displayed? |
| H |
PR |
Priority |
| I |
NI |
Nice value. A negative value indicates a high priority, and a positive value indicates a low priority. |
| J |
P |
The last CPU used is only meaningful in multiple CPU environments. |
| K |
% CPU |
CPU usage from the last update to the present |
| L |
TIME |
Total CPU time used by the process, in seconds |
| M |
TIME + |
Total CPU time used by the process, in 1/100 seconds |
| N |
% MEM |
Process usedPhysical memoryPercentage |
| O |
VIRT |
Total virtual memory used by the process, in kb. VIRT = SWAP + RES |
| P |
SWAP |
In the virtual memory used by the process, the swap size, in kb. |
| Q |
RES |
Physical memory used by the process, not swapped out, in kb. RES = CODE + DATA |
| R |
CODE |
Executable code usagePhysicalMemory size, in kb |
| S |
DATA |
Occupied by parts other than executable code (data segment + stack)PhysicalMemory size, in kb |
| T |
SHR |
Size of shared memory, in kb |
| U |
NFLT |
Page error count |
| V |
MCM T |
The number of pages that have been modified since the last write to the present. |
| W |
S |
Process status.
D= Uninterrupted sleep
R= Run
S= Sleep
T= Trail/stop
Z= Zombie process |
| X |
COMMAND |
Command name/command line |
| Y |
WCHAN |
If the process is sleeping, the system function name displayed in sleep |
| Z |
Flags |
Task flag, refer to sched. h |
By default, only important PID, USER, PR, NI, VIRT, RES, SHR, S, % CPU, % MEM, TIME +, and COMMAND columns are displayed. You can use the shortcut keys below to change the display content.
Change the display content through
FKey to select the displayed content. Press f to display the column list. press a-z to display or hide the corresponding column, and press enter to confirm.
Press
OThe key can change the column display sequence. A lower-case a-z can move the corresponding column to the right, while an upper-case A-Z can move the corresponding column to the left. Press Enter.
In upper case
FOr
OAnd then press a-z to sort the process by the corresponding column. In upper case
RThe key can reverse the current sorting.
Command usage
1. tool (command) name
Top
2. Functions of tools (commands)
Displays the current process and other conditions of the system. top is a dynamic display process, which allows you to refresh the current state by pressing the buttons. if you execute this command on the foreground, it excludes the foreground until the user terminates the program. more accurately, the top command provides real-time monitoring of the status of the system processor. it displays the list of CPU-sensitive tasks in the system. this command can be used by CPU. the memory usage and execution time are used to sort tasks. many features of this command can be set through interactive commands or in a custom file.
3. environment settings
In Linux.
4. usage
4.1 Format
Top [-] [d] [p] [q] [c] [C] [S] [N]
4.2 parameter description
D. specify the interval between two screen information refreshes. Of course, you can use the s interactive command to change it.
P only monitors the status of a process by specifying the monitoring process ID.
Q This option will refresh top without any delay. If the caller has the superuser permission, top runs with the highest possible priority.
S indicates the accumulative mode.
S enables the top command to run in safe mode. This removes the potential danger of interactive commands.
I so that top does not show any idle or dead processes.
C. display the entire command line, not just the command name.
4.3 Others
The following describes some interactive commands that can be used during top command execution. From the perspective of usage, mastering these commands is more important than mastering the options. These commands are single-letter. if the s option is used in the command line option, some of these commands may be blocked.
Ctrl + L erase and override the screen.
H or? The help screen is displayed, and some brief command summary is provided.
K. terminate a process. The system prompts the user to enter the PID of the process to be terminated and the signal to be sent to the process. Generally, 15 signals can be used to terminate a process. if the process cannot end normally, use signal 9 to forcibly end the process. The default value is signal 15. This command is blocked in security mode.
I ignore idle and dead processes. This is a switch-on command.
Q: exit the program.
R reschedules the priority of a process. The system prompts the user to enter the process PID to be changed and the process priority value to be set. Entering a positive value will lower the priority, and vice versa will give the process a higher priority. The default value is 10.
S switches to the accumulative mode.
S changes the delay time between two refreshes. The system prompts the user to enter a new time in seconds. If there is a decimal number, it is converted to m s. If the input value is 0, the system will be refreshed continuously. the default value is 5 s. It should be noted that if the setting is too small, it is likely to cause constant refresh, so it is too late to see the display, and the system load will increase significantly.
F or F: add or delete a project from the current display.
O or O changes the order of projects displayed.
L switching displays average load and startup time information.
The m switch displays the memory information.
T switch displays the process and CPU status information.
C switch to display the command name and complete command line.
M is sorted based on the resident memory size.
P is sorted by CPU usage percentage.
T is sorted by time/accumulative time.
W write the current settings ~ /. Toprc file. This is a recommended method for writing top configuration files.
