Chapter Three Elementary Particles
The world is like chess, every game is strange and bizarre; I looked at the 10-year-old archaic vertical row "journey to the World", "dream of Red mansions" since the beginning of the book, read more than million volume? But it is not a little bit of literary and artistic cells, often racking their brains can not pour a little ink. I often ask myself? Why? I really do not understand, perhaps oneself is a small stupid bird. Can't write? I can't copy it yet? All right, let's get some poetry from Daddy's house.
1, Chant cicada (I will be a certain of the preparatory)
The high shade of flying, The self
-proclaimed clear is not a LUN.
mo again sing high-pitched,
disturb the dream to dusk.
2, Plum blossom
three points of the seven-point madness,The makeup is a
solitary mountain.
with Frost and pride,
But there is no clear rhyme lining fragrance.
3. Life
Dream is not late,
There is no victory over inaction.
If cloud things are really like a play,The
clutch of glory withered and sad.
The research on elementary particles in modern physics is a bit like looking for countless wooden furniture, regardless of their nature, but in the study of appearances. Hundreds of thousands of wooden furniture ah, you even classified into hundreds of kinds, omitted I dare say there are more. What year are you looking for? I'm all anxious for you! I really do not want to criticize the students, I endure, I endure, I really do not bear the human waste Ah!
Since the positive and negative electrons are the origin of the universe and are the most basic particles, why do we not carefully analyze and study electrons? Why do the students always like to find and explore the synthesis of electronic, and proudly named, and also known as elementary particles of the laudatory name? Is it basic? How strange the world is! For centuries, they did not prove those assumptions, such as why electrons spin? Why is the intrinsic angular momentum a h1/2? Why are the angular momentum of photons H1, 0,-h1? De Broglie hypothesis and so on, but with the wrong theory of relativity everywhere recruit bees provoke butterflies. In fact, these correct assumptions, but it is a mathematical proof of middle school students. If you as the Earth elite, really should be guilty Ah! Is it necessary to spend so much money on those double-made shotgun shotguns? Spend so much manpower? It's going to be endless, why don't you just calm down?
Perhaps the equivalent of a drop of the size of the universe of the source material-positive and negative electron regiment, you can expand into our Milky Way. If the mass of the Earth is 5.98E+24 kg, we assume that the initial positive and negative electron mass sphere radius is R;
4пr^3/3= 5.98E+24 kg/2.567e-26kg = 2.33E+50
r = 0.38E+17, if the size of the electron is 1E-27 diameter, then r = 38E-12 m
that is to say, the formation of the Earth's positive and negative electron sphere is only about 38 of the diameter of skin meters. In fact, it should be bigger, when the Earth or the Sun state, do not know how much of the spilled matter? Perhaps the first 40E-12 m in diameter is about 10 million times times smaller than the hair. The moon is even smaller; by now, the combination of positive and negative electrons has been completed; no more volcanic eruptions; no more magnetic fields. The moon looks like a balloon around the earth that is set on Earth by a piece of rope. Perhaps 1 billion years later, the earth will no longer have a magnetic field, but also distant like the moon.
This universe of things, whether small to micro-sub, or large to the universe, life or matter, have the same nature and structure, small see big, big see small. There is life and death in the universe, there are also yin and yang, the same thing also has Yin and yang points.
It is clear that a negative electron regiment can constitute white hole and repel all matter; a positron group can form a black hole and absorb all matter.
How big is the electron? There is no way to confirm before the end of mankind. should be less than 1E-27 m, perhaps the smallest size of the universe is 1E-33 m. We can only think of it as an infinitely small point charge, so small, if the electron is a state of motion without photons, we may not know its existence; it may vanish at an instantaneous speed of light. Think of a small photon of energy that contains a pair of positive and negative electrons that can fly at the speed of light, if there is a solitary electron in the distant void? The electron energy is so big, the quality is smaller than the photon half, perhaps can be billions of billions of times the speed of light flight.
So, the electrons we can measure are all containing a certain number of photons; we call it the electron planet. Protons are a combination of a positron containing a certain number of photons, a combination of a Proton planet and a negative electron planet. So how many photons does the electron planet contain? Why can we absorb and release photons? How are they moving? The size of the electron planet, the size of the photon, and so on, these are exactly what we need to discuss carefully!
Why does the electron have eternal movement? Very simple, they have the power of talent! And what are their movement patterns? It's spiral motion! Why? The energy of electrons 14.4GeV is used to absorb photons is only a small part, so, there will be a high-speed Park week movement or the interior has a large potential energy, the physical world of those positive and negative electrons on its Coulomb force action, will make the electrons do random beating; So, say the electrons are stationary, that's just saying the electrons are relatively stationary. , the superposition of the translational (random runout) plus the circular motion is naturally the spiral motion. Then we need to re-discuss and understand the gravitational mass, how to define the gravitational mass? What is gravitation?
First, gravitation
A mass-induced attraction between any two objects, the line of force that is about the connection of the physical heart of two things, the size of which is proportional to the mass of the two objects, in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the two objects. The law of universal gravitation is found by Newton's recourse to the Earth's objects on the grounds of gravitational force. The gravitational mass of two objects is expressed in M1 and M2, and R indicates the distance between them, and the force F which attracts each other is:
F = G M1 m2/r^2 (1)
the G in the formula is called the gravitational constant.
Newton had proved that a sphere of density is the function of the ball distance R, the gravitational force of a particle outside the sphere is the same as the whole sphere of mass concentration at the sphere. Newton used the law of gravitation to prove the law of Kepler, the movement of the Moon around the Earth, the cause of the tides and the Earth's polar more flat and other natural phenomena. The experimental proof of the existence of gravitation and the determination of the gravitational constant G were made by Cavendish in 1798. The current recognized value of the gravitational constant is: G = 6.6732E-11 m^3/kg.s^2
If you press: F = m A, make M1 for the Earth mass 5.98*1024kg,m2 for 1kg,r for the earth radius of 6380000m, substituting for the universal gravitation formula, calculated F = 9.8N, that is, 1kg gravitational mass of the object on the Earth by the gravity is 9.8 newton.
So what is the nature of this gravitational mass? According to the ancients, that is the quality contained within the Object! It should be a constant amount, on the Earth, and on the moon, the gravitational mass of the same object M2 is constant, the change is only the quality of the Earth, the moon M1; So, on earth and on the moon only their corresponding gravity is not the same! Thus, the gravitational mass seems to be an independent physical quantity. It is independent of the size of the body's energy, but depends on the quality of the object.
Modern physics also mixes "can quality" and "gravitational mass", resulting in the concept of quality is very vague, the quality of the end refers to energy? or the particle content of an object? No one can tell, it's clear that I'm separating them into "quality" and "gravitational mass", so how do we define them?
1. Gravitational mass
We know that objects can be decomposed into combinations of atoms, and the negative electrons in the nucleus of the positron and outer motions are the corresponding pairs of positive and negative electrons; if we consider the positive and negative electron pairs as an "equivalent photon", then the number of elementary particles contained in an object can be regarded as the equivalent number of photons in an object. In this way, the mass of the object is associated with the number of photons contained in the object. In the subsequent chapters, I can prove that gravitation is the electromagnetic force between photons. In this way, the gravitational mass of an object is the number of photons contained in the object, and basically, it can be regarded as the mass of the object. If the mass of a photon is m0 kg, the number of photons contained in the object is N, then the mass of the object is n M0 kg. We don't know M0 yet, but we can measure the gravitational mass of an object (the gravitational formula is just about a number of them). We all know that the energy of the photon is M c^2 = h f,m is the energy mass, it depends on the frequency of the photon helix wave, but the gravitational mass of the photon is M0, independent of the photon energy. If so, we are, indeed, able to understand the concept of quality and energy. But in the ensuing discussion, we need to be doubly cautious.
2, can quality
The mass is not a coefficient of energy, but the unit still uses kg; If the total effective energy of an object is E = M c^2, then M is the mass of the object. If we consider an object to be composed of n photons, but the energy mass of the photon is not the same, then M is naturally the sum of the energy quality of the photon contained in the object! The world is so strange, the object has 2 kinds of mass, one is variable can mass m, the other is fixed photon number mass n M0.
For electrons, if the gravitational mass does not contain photons, it is only M0/2 and can be considered, but its mass is 2.567E-26 kg, about 15.3 times times the mass of the proton at rest. How does it store this huge potential energy when the electrons are relatively stationary? What is the size of its motion trajectory? When it moves forward, how does it release its potential energy into a wave energy? And so on, a series of questions, and listen to tell.
Second, the movement of electronic
Electrons, the unseen micro-world, may be more complicated than we think, and that huge relative mass makes me think it's a black hole. It is so small, in the humble view of the electronic frame of reference, I can only faint to see the electron slowly around the open-minded rotation, the circumference of the electron movement diameter of 1E-27 m. Photons with a certain amount of energy may fall into the electron planet, and the greater the energy, the deeper it becomes. Like the Earth spin and orbit around the sun, what is the angle between the spin axis of the electron planet and the axis of revolution? The earth is not 90 degrees, we know that the angular momentum of photons is H1, 0,-H1, when the photon is absorbed by negative electrons, photons become part of the electronic planet, is a negative satellite, can prove the photon angular momentum conservation; even if the angular momentum of the photon is contributed to the orbital angular momentum of the electron planet, What about the details here? What is the threshold energy that photons are absorbed by electrons? We know that photons are absorbed by electrons and there must be electromagnetic force between them. Photons need to come up with energy to circle the negative electrons in order to become a part of the electron planet. When the electron planet is not relatively stationary, but at near the speed of light, each photon has to take out a small amount of energy, if the electron planet's photon number is n, then, negative electrons need to take out n small portion of energy. It is understandable that those small energies, which have some energy in the outer part of the electron planet, do not have enough energy to hold the planet, and may fly out in the tangential direction and form synchrotron radiation. What is the spin-off speed of the electron planet? Not sure, and spin angular momentum is almost 0, not H1/2. I will later prove that the electron planet orbiting the proton planet is a spiral motion, and its helical rotation angular momentum of the small circular motion is H1/2. I admire the students, they can presstitute, and logo on the "authority" 2 words, on the key issues, do not do detailed research, selective neglect. The students said that the intrinsic spin angular momentum of electrons is h1/2, I would like to ask, refers to the electronic spiral movement of the circumference of the movement? Or does it mean spin? If it is spin, then its direction is the same as the photon perpendicular to the orbital plane of the electron, if it is the spiral movement of the circumference of the movement, then it is rotating along the orbital plane. In either case, quantum theory and Modern physics are all wrong. If the results are consistent with the experiment, then we can only say that the students are fabricating formulas!
Say the electron accelerator bar, said to be able to accelerate the electron to reach above 1Tev, then, I ask the students, why does the electron have so high energy? If you say that it is inferred from the relativistic mass energy formula, when electrons reach the speed of light, the mass can be infinitely large, and the energy can become infinitely large; Do the students also acknowledge the conservation of energy rules? In accordance with the meaning of the students, if the electronic forces are constantly being fed, that is, the electrons can reach almost the speed of light, and the mass of electrons becomes very, very large, so that the energy of electrons is more than 1Tev. Does your instrument really detect that the energy of electrons is more than 3Gev? And I said 300 times times less. It is clear that the relativistic formula of the mass energy is nonsense and fabricated. We must believe that the maximum energy of electrons is limited, and I do not know how much. The maximum energy of electrons is fixed and innate, and we give electrons a force, just to release part of it into kinetic energy, just to change the ratio of the potential energy of the electron's natural energies to the kinetic energy; not how much energy we have to give electrons! The volume of electrons is very small, if we constantly input the acceleration of energy, thereby increasing the kinetic energy of electrons, if the electron absorbed photons all emitted, we are no instrument can find and observe the electron.
1. The force of positive and negative electrons on photons
Why are protons attracted to high-energy gamma photons? Because the positron is gravitational to the photon within the radius of the proton, and the photon is repulsion in the circular space of the proton radius to the atomic radius, which is more than the radius of the atom, it is also a weak gravitational force, so that only energetic γ-photons with sufficient energy can penetrate the repulsion vacuum zone to reach the proton, while the high-energy gamma photons are The number of photons absorbed by protons is more than that of negative electrons, and the corresponding gravitational mass is large. and negative electrons just in turn, within the radius of the proton is very large repulsion, so, high-energy gamma photons are not electron absorption, but is a similar collision effect. Only photons below the high-energy γ-photon frequency can be negative electron absorption, the negative electrons form a series of concentric rings, corresponding to different energies of the photon orbit, the more modest the photon energy is higher, but not into the scope of the power of the proton radius of repulsion. Although the space of negative electron absorbing photon is much larger than that of proton, the demand of the negative electron to photon is higher, and the photon frequency occupies more space. I used to fabricate an empirical formula, and now I've made more improvements. All of these will be introduced in the following chapters; Because electrons have active forces in the near-distance of photons, there is a strong nuclear and weak nuclear force. We do not need to invent some false exchange power, but also exchange meson, Exchange photons? I really don't understand how the heads of the students are turning.
To know that from small to large I are ordinary classmates, brick House called the Beast in my mind has always been high, big, on the authority AH. You ruined my image, you hurt my weak heart, and I have to come up with the energy to criticize you. When I sink the soul into the microcosm, forward, see is a barren, only photons in flight, left and right to see the novelist, the people of the high-flying ideas, and the army still in the distant behind the stereotyped writing, they found a sesame in the field, can be demonstrated 3 chapters Ah! You have to admire Ah!
2. Moment of inertia
In classical mechanics, the moment of inertia (also known as mass inertia moment, or habitual distance) is usually denoted by J, and J is kg m2. For a particle, J = M R2, where m is its mass and r is the vertical distance of the particle and the hinge. We have the inertia of electrons (even the solid ball body) when the primitive point of reference of a slowly rotating electron planet is made:
Je = 2me R^2/5 = 9.11E-31 * 2.81E-21 * 0.4 = 1.024E-50 kg m2.
The following assumptions, which cannot be taken seriously, are for reference only:
If it is assumed that the electron planet also moves around the proton in the basic orbital helical circumference, then the angular momentum of the electron planet on the orbital plane is H1, and if it is also the rotational angular momentum of the electron planet, then we have:
L = Me VXR = M r^2ω= jeω= H1
ω= H1/je = 1.03 e+16
Wire speed of electrons in radius 0.5E-27: Ve = 0.515 E-11 m/s
photon at the line speed of the atomic radius 0.53E-10: Vg = 0.265 e+6 m/s
It also means that when the photon enters the electron planet, its wave velocity is reduced to 0.265E+6 m/s, the energy of the photon m1 c^2 = h F =m2 vg1^2 all converted to a new variety of energy quality; is M c^2 's mass m a gold currency? To enter the electronic planet need to convert to renminbi? How should we define the quality of the energy? Or the mechanics of the east to abandon? To think only with energy? Will the universe design m, kinetic energy, etc. according to human thought? Students, and the people, think about it! Don't overlook the key issues!
3. It is proved that the angular momentum of the circular movement of the electron helix motion is the h1/2 and Argumentation de Broglie hypothesis.
principle 1: the elementary particles and their quanta are doing regular helix motions, with wavelength λ, frequency f, cylinder radius r and the vertical component of the helix motion velocity v v = Horizontal Component Park tangent velocity V1.
Definition 1: An elementary particle regiment that contains some photons within a certain volume is called a quantum.
Principle 2: The motion of the electron planet around the centroid is a standing wave, with a circumference of an integral multiple of wavelengths: 2πr = nλ.
Coulomb's law: the positive and negative electrons in the distance r have gravitational f: (unit: N Newton)
F =k1/r^2,
K1 = q^2/4πε0 = 2.30708E-28 n.m^2, q =1.60217733e-19 C (Cullen)
The electron planet is spherical, the radius is the atomic radius, the volume is constant, the number of photons contained is variable, and the photon is distributed in the ball body. The proton planet is spherical, the radius is the proton radius, the volume is constant, the photon number is stable, and the photon is distributed in the ball body. The spiral motion of a photon is cylindrical and variable in volume.
If the space point M is a mass of M quantum on a cylindrical surface x^2 + y^2 = r^2 with angular velocity ω around the z axis, and at the same time perpendicular to the velocity v parallel to the z axis of the square upward, then the dot m is a graph called a helix. The V1 is the horizontal tangent velocity of the moving point Velocity v at the park with the M point parallel to the cylindrical bottom. Its parametric equations are as follows.
by axiom 1:
tanβ= v/v1 = 1 =λ/4πr, β= 45 degree angle.
So, 4πr =λ (1)
If the moving point is a photon, its wave velocity is C, we have C =fλ= 4πr F,
R = c/4πf, it means that the higher the frequency of photons, the smaller the R value and wavelength, the closer it is to the particle, and the more it looks like a wave. The light wave is the spiral motion waveform of the optical particles!
Electron around the proton radius of R, similar to the Earth rotation at the same time around the sun, we assume that the electron radius of r of the circumference of the movement of the rotation angular momentum is k; then the orbital angular momentum of the electron planet:
L = Me v R = Me v r r/r = K nλ/2πr =2k N (2)
Define the wave energy of the electron Planet: Ee = h F = Me v^2
We can prove the rotational angular momentum of electrons:
K = Me V r = P r = Me v^2 r/v = h f r/λf = h/4π= H1/2 (3)
L = 2K n = n H1 (4)
The centripetal force formula and the Coulomb's law are:
Me v^2/r = k1/r^2 = Me v R v = K1 = L V,
We have: V = k1/l = k1/n H1, R =k1/me v^2 = l^2/me K1, i.e.
R = n^2 h1^2/me K1 (5)
V = k1/l = k1/n H1 = a c/n (6)
A = K1/h1 C is a fine structure constant.
Therefore, the orbital radius and orbital velocity of the electron planet around the centroid are quantized.
by K = Me V r= P R
So, P = K/R = 4πk/λ= h/λ (7)
This is the proof of de Broglie hypothesis.
Chapter Three Elementary Particles
