Common commands in Linux

I. Common commands in Linux: file and directory operations
Basename: remove the path and extension from the file name
Cd: Switch the current working directory to the specified directory
Chgrp: Change the group to which the file belongs.
Chmod: Change File Permissions
Chown: Change the file owner and group
Cp: copy a file or directory
Dd: Copy and convert the File Content
File: determines the file type.
Find: find the file in the specified directory and perform the specified operation
Ln: create a file link
Locate/slocate: Quickly locates the file path
Ls/dir/vdir: displays the directory content
Mkdir: create a directory
Mv: Move or rename a file
Pwd: displays the current working directory
Rename: rename a file
Rm: delete a file or directory
Rmdir: delete an empty directory.
Touch: modifies the time attribute of a file.
Updatedb: Creates or updates a slocate database.
Whereis: displays the Instruction Program, source code, and man manual pages.
Which: displays the absolute path of a command.

Ii. Common commands in Linux: Backup and Compression
Ar: create, modify, and extract files from an archive file
Arj:. arj File compression instruction
Bunzip2: compress bzip2 files
Bzcat: Extract files to standard output
Bzip2: Create a. bz2 compressed file
Bzip2recover: repair the damaged .bz2 File
Bzless/bzmore: Decompress the. bz2 file and display the content on the split screen.
Compress: compress data files
Cpio: access files in an archive
Dump: File System Backup
Gunzip: Decompress the file compressed by gzip
Gzexe: compress executable programs
Gzip: GNU compression and decompression tool
Lha: compression and decompression commands
Resotre: Restore the file or file system backed up by dump
Tar: Creates a backup file.
Unarj: extract the. arj File
Uncompress: Decompress the. Z File
Unzip: Decompress the. ZIP file
Zcat: Decompress the file and send it to the standard output.
Zforce
Zip: compressed file
Zipinfo: displays details of zip files.
Znew: convert a. zw.gz file to a. GZ file.

Iii. Common commands in Linux: Text Processing
Cat: link the file and display it to standard output
Cksum: checks and computes file Cyclic Redundancy checksum.
Cmp: Compare the differences between two files
Col: filter control characters
Colrm: filters out the specified columns from the input.
Comm: Compare the differences between two ordered files
Csplit: Split files
Cut: display the specified content of each row in the file
Diff3: Compare the differences between the three files
Diff: Compare and display the differences between the two files
Diffstat: displays statistics based on the diff command results.
Ed: Line Text Editor
Emacs: full-screen text editor
Ex: Text Editor
Expand: convert a Tab to a blank Space)
Fmt: optimized text format
Fold: Set the row width displayed in the file.
Grep/egrep/fgrep: displays matching rows in the file.
Head: content starting with the output file
Ispell: Interactive spelling check program
Jed: Text Editor
Joe: edit a text file
Join: Merge the same fields of two files.
Less: view text files on a split screen
Look: displays the lines starting with a specific string in the file.
More: view text files on a split screen
Od: output file content in digital encoding
Paste: merged File Content
Pico: Text Editor
Sed: stream file editor
Sort: sort data files
Spell: spell check
Split: split files
Sum: calculates and displays the file verification code.
Tac: display file content in reverse order
Tail: content at the end of the output file
Tee: Copies the input content to the standard output and specified files.
Tr: Convert or delete characters in a file
Unexpand: Convert blank Space to Tab
Uniq: delete duplicate rows in the file.
Vi: full-screen text editor
Wc: number of bytes, number of words, and number of lines of computing files

4. Common commands in Linux: shell commands
Alias: defines the command alias
Bg: Put the job (or task) in the background for running
Bind: display or set keyboard Configuration
Declare: Declares shell Variables
Dirs: displays records in the shell directory stack.
Echo: print the string to the standard output.
Enable: activates and disables shell internal commands.
Eval: executes the specified command and returns the result.
Exec: log out after executing the given command
Exit: exit the current shell.
Export: Set and display environment variables
Fc: Edit and execute History commands
Fg: Switch the background task (or job) to the foreground for running.
Hash: displays and clears the hash table used for row query.
History: commands for displaying and manipulating history
Jobs: displays shell job information.
Kill: kill processes or jobs
Logout: log out of shell
Popd: delete records from the shell directory Stack
Pushd: Add a record to the shell directory Stack
Set: set the shell execution method.
Shopt: Set the switch value for controlling shell behavior Variables
Ulimit: Set shell resource limits
Umask: sets the permission mask for creating files.
Unalias: cancels the alias of a command defined by alias.
Unset: deletes a defined variable or function.

5. Common commands in Linux: printing related commands
Accept: accept the print request
Cancel: cancels the print task.
Disable: Stop the printer
Enable: Start the printer
Lp: print files
Lpadmin: Configure cups printers and Classes
Lpc: printer Control
Lpq: displays the current print queue
Lpr: print files
Lprm: delete jobs in the current print queue
Lpstat: displays the status information of CUPS.
Pr: convert text format before printing
Reject: reject the print request

6. Common commands in Linux: other basic commands
Bc: calculator for Accurate Calculation
Cal: Display calendar
Clear: clear screen command
Consoletype: displays the currently used terminal type
Ctrlaltdel: Set the shortcut key Ctrl + Alt + Del.
Date: displays and sets the system date and time.
Dircolors: Set the color of the ls command.
Eject: the media of the Removable device is displayed.
Halt: Disable the computer
Hostid: displays the digital ID of the current host.
Hwclock: Query and set the system hardware clock
Info: Read help document
Login: log on to the system
Man: displays the online help manual.
Md5sum: calculates and displays the md5 Summary of the file.
Mesg: Set the terminal write permission
Mtools: displays the commands of the mtools package.
Mtoolstest: Test and display mtools toolkit configurations
Poweroff: power off the computer
Reboot: restart the computer
Shutdown: shut down the computer
Sleep: sleep for a specified period of time
Stat: displays the status of a file or file system.
Talk: talk with other users
Wall: send messages to all terminals
Whatis: Query keywords in the database
Who: displays information about the currently logged-on user
Whoami: displays the current user name
Write: sends information to a specified user terminal.
Yes: the specified string is output continuously.

7. Common commands in Linux: User Management
Chfn: Change the user's finger information
Chsh: Change the default shell for user logon.
Finger: User Information Query Program
Gpasswd: Management group file/etc/group
Groupadd: Creates a group.
Groupdel: deletes a group.
Groupmod: Modify group information
Groups: displays the group to which the user belongs.
Grpck: verify the integrity of the group file/etc/group
Kgconv: Enable the shadow password file of the group.
Grpunconv: Disable the shadow password file of the group.
Logname: displays the logon User Name
Passwd: Set the User Password
Pwck: verify the integrity of the User File Password File
Pwconv: enable the user's shadow password file
Pwunconv: Disable the shadow password file.
Su: Switch users
Useradd: create a user
Userdel: delete a user
Usermod: Modify user configuration information
Users: displays the User Name of the current logon system.

8. Common commands in Linux: Process Management
Init: process initialization Control
Killall: end the process by name
Nice: Set process priority
Nohup: run the program by ignoring the suspended Signal
Pgrep: query by name and display the process number
Pidof: Find the process Number of the running program
Pkill: sends a signal to a specified process
Ps: displays the current process status of the system.
Pstree: displays the parent-child relationship of a process using a tree worker.
Renice: Adjust process priority
W: displays information about the current logon user.
Watch: Displays output information of a specified command in full screen mode.

9. Common commands in Linux: disk and file system management
Badblocks: Disk Bad block check tool
Blockdev: Call the ioctl function of the block device from the command line.
Chattr: modifies the 2nd extension file system attributes of a file.
Convertquota: Convert the quota File Format
Df: Report the remaining disk space
Dumpe2fs: displays ext2/ext3 File System Information
E2fsck: Check the ext2/ext3 File System
E2image: saves the ext2/ext3 source data to the file.
E2label: sets the ext2/ext3 file system label.
Edquota: edit a user's disk space quota
Fdisk: partition tool in Linux
Findfs: Find a File System
Fsck: checks and fixes Linux File Systems
Grub: Boot Loader in Linux
Hdparm: adjusts hard disk I/O performance
Lilo: Linux Loader
Lsattr: displays the ext2 file system attributes of a file.
Mkbootdisk: Creates a dedicated boot floppy disk for the current system.
Mke2fs: Create a 2nd extended File System
Mkfs: create various file systems
Mkinitrd: Create and initialize a ram disk image file
Mkisofs: Creates a CD image file.
Mknod: Creates a block device or character device file.
Mkswap: Creates a swap partition file system.
Mktemp: create a temporary file
Mount: load the File System
Parted: disk partition management tool
Quota: displays the user's Disk quota
Quotacheck: creates, checks, and fixes quota files.
Quotaoff: Disable the disk quota function of the file system.
Quotaon: Enable the disk quota function of the file system.
Quotastat: displays the disk quota status.
Repquota: displays the File System Disk Quota INFORMATION REPORT
Swapoff: Disable swap space
Swapon: Activate swap space
Sync: Write cached data to disk forcibly
Tune2fs: adjust the parameters of the ext2/ext3 File System
Umount: unmount the mounted file system

10. Common commands in Linux: kernel and Performance
Depmod: processes the dependency between modules that can be loaded in the kernel.
Dmesg: displays the output information of the kernel.
Free: displays memory usage
Insmod: Load modules to the kernel
Iostat: Report the CPU, I/O device, and partition status
Ipcs: displays the status information of inter-process communication.
Kernelversion: displays the main kernel version.
Lsmod: displays loaded modules.
Modinfo: displays kernel module information
Modprobe: load the kernel module and resolve Dependencies
Mpstat: displays process-related status information.
Rmmod: delete a module from the kernel
Sar: Collects, displays, and saves system activity information.
Slabtop: displays the slab cache information of the kernel in real time.
Sysctl: Modify Kernel Parameters during runtime
Tload: monitor the average system load
Top: Display and Manage System Processes
Uname: displays system information.
Uptime: displays the system running time and average load.
Vmstat: displays the virtual memory status.

11. Common commands in Linux: X-Window System
Startx: initializes an X-Window session.
Xauth: X system license file management tool
Xhost: displays and configures the access permissions of the X server.
Xinit: X-Window system initialization program
Xlsatoms: Displays X Server atomic data definitions
Xlsclients: displays the X program running on the specified display.
Xlsfonts: displays the font information used by the X server.
Xset: Set the user preference attribute of X System

12. Common commands in Linux: System Security
Chroot: run commands in the specified root directory
Nmap: network detection tools and Security Scanners
Scp: an encrypted remote replication tool
Sftp: Secure File Transfer Tool
Slogin: an encrypted remote logon Tool
Ssh: an encrypted remote logon Tool
Sudo: execute commands as another user

13. Common commands in Linux: programming commands
Awk/gawk: Mode Scanning and processing language
Expr: calculates the expression value.
Gcc: gnu c language compiler
Gdb: GNU Debugger
Ldd: displays shared library dependencies.
Make: An engineering compilation tool
Nm: displays the symbol table of the target file.
Perl: a command line tool in the perl language
Php: PHP script language command line interface
Test: conditional test

14. Common commands in Linux: management and maintenance commands for other systems
Arch: displays the hardware architecture of the current host.
At: scheduled task execution
Atq: query the tasks to be executed
Atrm: Delete the task to be executed
Batch: run the task at the specified time
Chkconfig: sets the services executed by the system under different running levels.
Crontab: Schedule Tasks by Time
Last: displays information about users who have logged on to the system before.
Lastb: displays information about users who failed to log on to the system.
Logrotate: A rotation tool for system logs.
Logsave: Save the output information of the command to the log file.
Logwatch: reporting and analyzing system logs
Lsusb: Display All USB devices
Patch: patch and update files
Rpm: Red Hat Software Package Manager
Runlevel: displays the running level of the current system.
Service: Linux service management and control tools
Telinit: switches the running level of the current system.
Yum: RPM Software Package automated management tool

15. Common commands in Linux: Network Configuration
Dnsdomainname: displays the system's DNS domain name
Domainname: displays and sets host domain names
Hostname: displays or sets the system Host Name.
Ifcfg: Configure Network Interfaces
Ifconfig: configure network parameters for network interfaces
Ifdown: Disable the specified network interface
Ifup: starts the specified network interface
Nisdomainname: displays and sets the host domain name
Route: displays and operates the IP route table of the local machine.
Ypdomainname: displays and sets the host domain name

16. Common commands in Linux: network testing and application
Arp: manages local arp buffer
Arping: sends arp request packets to neighboring hosts
Arpwatch: monitors ARP information on the network.
Dig: domain name query tool
Elinks: plain text Web Browser
Elm: email client program
Ftp: File Transfer Protocol Client
Host: DNS domain name query tool
Ipcalc: IP Address Calculator
Lynx: plain text Web Browser
Mail: email management program
Ncftp: enhanced FTP client Tool
Netstat: displays the network status.
Nslookup: DNS domain name query tool
Pine: email and newsgroup Handler
Ping: test whether the network reaches the target host.
Rsh: Remote shell
Telnet: Remote logon Tool
Tftp: simple File Transfer Protocol Client
Tracepath: route used to track data
Traceroute: route used to track data packets arriving at the target host
Wget: download an object from a specified URL

17. Common commands in Linux: Advanced Network commands
Arptables: ARP rule table for Kernel Management
Ip: Powerful Multi-Function Network Configuration Tool
Iptables: an IP packet filtering and NAT management tool
Iptables-save: save the iptables configuration in the kernel
Iptables-restore: restores the configuration information of iptables.
Tcpdump: listening for network traffic

 

Common commands in Linux: network server commands
AB: Web server performance test
Apachectl: Apache HTTP Server Control Interface
Exportfs: Manages file systems shared by NFS servers
Htdigest: manage user files used for digest Authentication
Htpasswd: manage user files for Basic Authentication
Httpd: Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol server
Mailq: displays the message queue to be sent.
Mysql: client tool of the MySQL server
Mysqladmin: MySQL Server Management Tool
Msqldump: MySQL Server Backup Tool
Mysqlimport: MySQL Database Import Tool
Mysqlshow: displays MySQL database, table, and field information
Nfsstat: displays the Network File System Status
Sendmail: Email Delivery agent
Showmount: displays the loading information on the NFS server.
Smbclient: samba Server Client Tool
Smbmount: load the samba File System
Smbpasswd: Change samba User Password
Squid: HTTP Proxy server program
Sshd: OpenSSH daemon