Computer system structural input/output systems

Source: Internet
Author: User

I. Reliability, availability, and trustworthiness of I/O systems

系统的可靠性是指系统从某个初始参考点开始一直连续提供服务的能力,通常用平均无故障时间(MTTF)来衡量,MTTF的倒数就是系统的失效率。如果系统中每个模块的生存期服从指数分布,则系统整体的失效率是各部件的失效率之和。系统中断服务的时间用平均修复时间(MTTR)来衡量。系统的可用性是指系统正常工作的时间在连续两次正常服务间隔时间中所占的比例。

Where mttf+mttr are usually replaced by mean time between failures (MTBF).

系统的可信性是指服务的质量。

Second, RAID

RAID原理是将并行处理技术引入到磁盘系统。RAID的特点是:盘阵列容量大、速度快、可靠性高、造价低廉,是解决I/O瓶颈的有效方法之一。

2.1 RAID0 (non-redundant)

从数据层面讲,将数据按块分布在多个盘上,实际上是非冗余阵列,无冗余信息。严格地说,它不属于RAID系列。优点:高性能,磁盘利用率高。缺点:系统可靠性差。

2.2 RAID1 (Mirror)

数据每写入到一个盘时,就将其也写到另一个冗余盘,形成两个备份。优点:系统可靠性好,设计简单。缺点:硬件开销大,效率低。

2.3 raid2-Memory-type ECC

位交叉式海明编码阵列优点:高速误差校正,数据传输速率高,设计较简单。缺点:校正空间大,磁盘阵列利用率低。仅仅理论上体现其优越,未能广泛应用。

2.4 raid3-bit cross parity check

是单盘容错并行传输的阵列,即数据以位或字节交叉的方式存储于各盘,冗余的奇偶校验信息存储在一台专用盘上。在RAID3中,磁盘被分组,读写要访问组中所有盘,每组有一个盘作为校验盘,当一个盘出故障时,通过校验和恢复出错数据。优点:读写速度快,盘失效对吞吐率影响小,盘阵列利用率高。缺点:设计较复杂。

2.5 raid4-block Cross parity check

是专用奇偶校验独立存取阵列,即数据以块交叉的方式存储于各盘,冗余的奇偶校验信息存储在一台专用盘上。优点:读写速度快,盘阵列利用率高。缺点:设计较复杂,盘失效对吞吐率影响大。

2.6 raid5-Block cross-distribution parity check

是块交叉分布式奇偶校验盘阵列(或称旋转奇偶校验独立存取阵列),即数据以块交叉的方式存储于各盘,但无专用的校验盘,而是将冗余的奇偶校验信息均匀地分布在所有盘上。数据块每一行的相联奇偶校验不再限制在单一盘上,只要块单元不位于同一个磁盘内,这种组织方法可以支持多个写同时执行。优点:读数据速率最高,盘阵列利用率高。缺点:控制器设计复杂,盘失效对系统可靠性有一定影响。

2.7 Raid6-p+q Redundancy

是双维奇偶校验独立存取阵列,即数据以块交叉的方式存储于各盘,冗余的检、纠错信息均匀地分布在所有盘上。并且,每次写入数据都要一个数据盘和两个校验盘,可容忍双盘出错。

2.8 raid7-cache+ Async

是采用Cache和异步技术的RAID6,使响应速度和传输速率有了较大地提高。

2.9 RAID10 and RAID01

RAID10又称为RAID1+0,先进行镜像(RAID1),再进行条带存放(RAID0)RAID01又称为RAID0+1,先进行条带存放(RAID0),再进行镜像(RAID1)

Third, the channel processor

3.1 Function of the channel

① 接受CPU发来的I/O指令,与指定的设备连接,访问指定的设备。② 执行CPU为通道组织的通道程序。从通道缓冲区中读取通道指令,经译码分析,向指定的设备控制器或设备发出各种操作控制命令。③ 组织和控制数据在内存与外设之间的信息传送操作。④ 在数据传输过程中完成必要的格式变换,例如,把字拆卸为字节,或者把字节装配成字等。⑤ 读取和接收外设的状态信息, 检查外围设备的工作状态是正常还是故障,形成通道状态信息,并根据需要将设备的状态信息送往主存指定单元保存。⑥ 向CPU发出I/O中断请求。对来自外设及通道的中断请求按优先次序进行排队后报告CPU。

3.2-Channel hardware

The main hardware of the channel includes the Register section and the control section.

⑴ 寄存器部分数据缓冲寄存器(DBR)、主存地址计数器、传输字节数计数器(WCNT)、通道命令字寄存器(CCWR)、通道地址寄存器(CAR),通道状态字寄存器(STR) 。⑵ 控制部分包括数据装配和拆卸控制、数据传送控制、地址分配控制、分时控制等控制逻辑。

3.3-Channel working process

1)在用户程序中使用广义指令进入管理程序,由CPU通过管理程序组织 一个通道程序,并启动通道。2)通道进行设备选择3)通道执行通道程序,控制主存—通道—设备之间的信息传送,直至完成指定的I/O工作。4)通道信息传送结束

3.4 Types of channels

(1) byte multi-channel

字节多路通道是一种简单的共享通道,主要为多台低速或中速的外设服务。这些设备一般是以字节为宽度进行输入/输出,而且相邻的两次传送之间有较长的等待。

(2) Select Channel

选择通道只有一套完整的硬件,以独占的方式工作,逐个轮流地为物理上连接的几台高速外设服务。选择通道在一段时间内单独为一台外设服务,但在不同的时间内可以选择不同的设备。选择通道一旦选中某一设备,通道就进入“忙”状态直到该设备的数据传输工作全部结束为止。选择通道传送的数据宽度是可变的,它为一台外设传送完数据后才转去处理其他外设。

(3) Array multichannel

数组多路通道将字节多路通道和选择通道的特性结合起来。一个通道可带有多个子通道,各子通道以成组交叉模式轮流使用通道。成组交叉模式:利用通道传送完一组数据(数据块)后让出通道。数组多路通道适用于以数组为单位的高速外设。数组多路通道选择一个高速设备后,先向其发出一个寻找的命令,然后在这个设备寻找期间可以为其他设备服务。在设备寻找完成后再与其真正建立数据连接,并一直维持到一个数据块传输完毕。

3.5-Channel traffic analysis

通道流量(通道吞吐率、通道数据传输率)通道在数据传送期间单位时间所传送的数据量。通常用单位时间传送的字节数表示。通道极限流量(通道最大流量)通道在数据传送期间单位时间所允许传送的最大数据量。通常用单位时间传送的最大字节数表示。通道极限流量反映了一个通道在满负荷工作状态下的数据流量。

Parameter description:
Ts: Device selection time. The time it takes for the channel to actually transmit data to the device, starting with a data transfer request from the channel response device.
TD: The time required to transmit a single byte. That is, the time spent by a channel executing a single byte of a channel instruction.
P: The number of devices connected on one channel, and these devices are working at the same time.
N: The number of bytes transmitted per device. Assume that each device transmits the same number of bytes.
T: The time required for the channel to complete all data transfer work.
K: The number of bytes in a data block.
Dij: The first J data transmitted by the first device connected to the channel, wherein: I=1,2,...,p;j=1,2,...,n.

(1) byte-channel traffic analysis

Set a byte multi-channel connected to the P-device, each device must transmit N bytes.
The device selection time on the byte multichannel TS and the data transfer time TD is spaced out.

The time required to complete the data transfer for all devices is:

The Limit flow is:

(2) Flow analysis of selected channels

The time required to complete the data transfer for all devices is:

The Limit flow is:

(3) Flow analysis of array multichannel channels

Set an array of channels connected to the P-device, each device is transmitted by the data block, if each data block contains K bytes,
It is necessary to n/k a chunk of data to transmit N bytes.
The device selection time for each device on the array multichannel channel TS and the transfer time of a data block TD1 ... TDK, you can start the next
Data block transfer of the device.

The time required to complete the data transfer for all devices is:

The Limit flow is:

3.6 Channel Actual flow analysis

(1) byte multi-channel

Because each device on the channel has a small piece of time, the actual traffic for the channel is the sum of all device traffic.

Fi is the flow of the first equipment

(2) Select Channel and array multichannel channel

Because a channel can serve only one device over a period of time, the traffic on the channel equals the traffic to the device with the largest traffic in all devices.

(3) Design requirements for channel flow

In order to ensure that the channel can work properly without losing data, the actual traffic of the channel should not exceed the limit traffic of the channel.

(4) I/O system flow Design

The limit flow of the I/O system is:

Computer system structural input/output systems

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