E-China Copper equipment at Home and Abroad

Wang ankun, Fan, Zhengzhou

December 1979, North Suburb of Pingdingshan City, Henan Province? Village? A piece of Deng Gongyu was unearthed in Yangling, where the inscription of Tongyu recorded the political marriage of the daughter of Deng Guojun to marry yingguo. Therefore, yingguo cemetery in Pingdingshan was discovered. According to the literature, zhouguo, who was banned by Zhou wuwang, was one of Ji's Country names that had been banned during the Zhou chengwang period. According to the inscription of the bronze machine in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the e-National king in the early period of the Western Zhou Dynasty was originally called the uncle Ying, which was also called the supervisor Ying Hou and also known as the father-in-law. Or because of the theft of large tombs in the yingguo cemetery in Pingdingshan, The yinggong bronze ware in the early part of the Western Zhou Dynasty has been available since the Qing Dynasty, however, physical images can be seen in books at home and abroad, or never seen before. We will give a comprehensive introduction to the collection of public tools for readers to appreciate.

Introduction to tools

In the yingguo bronze ware handed down to the world, there were 11 pieces of bronze tools belonging to the early part of the Western Zhou Dynasty, because the writers in each inscription are Gong Ying, mr Chen Mengjia's "xizhou copper pipe broken generation" is called a public device. This batch of copper can be roughly divided into six varieties, such as Ding 5, Xi 2, Hu 1, Zun 1, Yi 1, and Yi 1. If it is divided by specific purposes, it can be divided into three types: Food generator (Ding), Food generator (POT), wine generator (Zun, Zun, Taobao, and Taobao. Among them, the copper tripod should be 2 pieces of Public tripod, 2 pieces of 16 words should be public tripod, and 1 piece of double-string pattern should be public tripod. The copper series are described as follows:

1. The public shall Ding Jia and Yi. Yin Zhou jinwen integration, chapter 4, 180th, contains two inscriptions, both under the "Ying Gong Fang ding ". The two inscriptions share the same content and line, with slightly different fonts. It is estimated that these two square copper tripod may be paired, that is, the shape, pattern, and size are basically the same, just as the tomb of the eldest son of luyi, Henan Province, where the copper tripod of the same shape is mostly grouped.

Figure 1

Ding Jia from the public. As an old Han's secret in Pinghu, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Emy of Social Sciences holds the yiwenge extension (figure 1 ). The Ding mouth is a rounded rectangle, flat fold along, square lips, ears, lower abdomen a little vertical, near the bottom, four columns foot. The mouth is decorated with a group of Phoenix and bird lines lining the ground with thunderlines on Thursday. There are two vertical columns of 6-character inscriptions on the inner wall: "yinggong Bao Zun Yi ".

Figure 2

Ying Gong Fang Ding Yi. The source is the old secret of the Summer Palace, now the Palace Museum (Figure 2), the Chinese Emy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Archaeology. The inscription is the same as the content, word count, and billing of yinggong dingjia ".

2. Cast 16-character Ming Ying Gong Ding Jia and B. Two inscriptions are included on page 12th of the fourth book of Yin Zhou jinwen integration, both of which must be published. The two inscriptions share the same content and line, with slightly different fonts. It is estimated that these two copper tripod may be paired or grouped copper tripod with the same shape, pattern and size.

Figure 3 Figure 3 Inscription

16 characters should be in public dingjia (Figure 3 ). The prototype is the old back-to-back of yuanli Tang in Changshan. It is now collected by the Galle Museum of Columbia University. The Chinese Emy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology contains an extension. The inner wall of the Tripod has 16 characters in three columns of vertical inscriptions. from the right to the left, it is "yinggong Bao Zun Yi, said: 'Yi yidi xianxixiang '."

Figure 4

16 characters should be ding Yi. The original device is the old Tibetan site of the world, and its whereabouts are still unknown. The Archaeological Research Institute of the Chinese Emy of Social Sciences has hidden its extension (figure 4 ). The inner wall of the Tripod has 16 characters in four columns of vertical inscriptions. from the right to the left, it is "yinggong Bao Zun Yi, said: 'Yi yidi xianxixiang '."

Figure 5 5 Inscriptions

3. The double-string pattern should be a public tripod. It is now added to the Shanghai Museum (figure 5 ). Round mouth slightly restrained, stand ears, oblique fold edge, square lips. The lower part of the abdominal drum is divided into three equal points, and the lower part is shaped as an empty foot. The -shaped empty foot is followed by three columns. The mouth is decorated with Two convex lines at the bottom. Black and green, basically rust-free. 18 cm high, weighing 1.75. The inner wall contains five characters in two vertical columns: "yinggong travel Yi ".

4. Ying Gong Jia. B. From its early years, we can see that their shapes are similar and their patterns are quite different. the inscriptions have the same content and layout, and the fonts are slightly different. Yin Zhou jinwen integration, chapter 6, 177th, contains two inscriptions of the two bronze medals, both signed by the public. From the inscription font, we can see that these two inscriptions are from the same person's hand.

Ying Gong Jia. The source is the old Qing Dynasty, and the whereabouts of the museum are unknown. Circular exposure, roll along, square lips, abdomen drooping, a pair of animals under the first ears of a trunk and nose-shaped Vertical er, near the bottom, full ring High. The two groups in the mouth along the lower side of the week are symmetric between the left and right sides of a animal surface, and the yunlei lines are lined with the opposite side to form a crouching tiger grain. There are five characters in two columns of vertical inscription in the bottom of the tool, from right to left: "yinggong travel Yi ".

Figure 6 Figure 6 Inscription

Gong Yi and Yi. The original device is an old collection of the Qing palace, followed by a collection of PAN zuyin. Now the Museum of the Palace Museum (figure 6) is under development at the Chinese Emy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology. Circular exposure, roll along, square lips, abdomen drooping, a pair of animal ears under the trunk of a elephant nose-shaped Vertical er, near the bottom of the bottom, lap the bottom of the mouth. Two-week string at the bottom of the mouth. There are five characters in two columns of vertical inscription at the bottom of the tool, from right to left is "yinggong travel Yi ".

Figure 7

5. 1 Public pot. The Museum of the National Palace Museum in Taipei (Figure 7) is now in possession of the extension at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Emy of social sciences. This device loses the lifting beam, the height of the connection is 27.1 cm, the diameter is 12.3 cm, the abdominal diameter is 48.3 cm, the abdominal depth is 19.4 cm, and the weight is 2790 grams. Its inscriptions are recorded in a variety of jinwen literature. Most of the literature is called a pot, and "integration" is signed by the public. According to the general practice, all the circular mouth should be called a pot, so it should be called a public pot. There is a circular deep sub-mouth cover on the top, the cover is raised, and there is a bell-shaped handshake on the top. Body round mouth, square lips, fine long neck, abdomen drooping, bottom, high lap foot. Cover and neck are decorated with two-week string lines. Each side of the neck has a sheep's first ear, and one of the ears and the lifting beam connecting the ears are incomplete. Post-ear repair. The cover and the bottom of the device have two columns of 6 characters with vertical inscriptions, the same line, only slightly different fonts, both of which are "yinggong Bao Zun Yi ".

Figure 8

6. Animal Surface pattern should be male 1 (figure 8 ). In the late Qing dynasty, Daoguang was a collection of Chen Jieqi from weixian County, Shandong province. In 1962, Shandong Normal University purchased the Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics store, which is now hidden in the cultural relics showroom of the History Department of Shandong Normal University. The surface of the device is red and black, with few rust. Each part of the mouth, abdomen, and foot is damaged and repaired by secondary casting. The link height is 16.4 cm, the mouth length is 12 cm, and the short diameter is 10 cm. Elliptical open, bundle neck, abdomen drooping, elliptical circle foot. Abdominal decoration two groups of a week with fine clouds Lei lines of convex eyes and animal surface. The inner wall of the abdomen contains 6 Characters in two columns of vertical inscriptions, which are from left to right: "yinggong Bao Zun Yi ".

Figure 9

7. Yes? 1 pieces of Public License (figure 9 ). The original device is an old bucket of Wu shifen, Which is burned by fire, slightly cracked, and repaired. The Chinese Emy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology contains inscriptions. Circular open, bundle neck, abdominal sagging, Half Ring Between the neck and abdomen? Hand, flat bottom, high circles. The neck is decorated with a continuous diamond and triangular thunderbelt for a week ,? The top of the hand is decorated with a float-shaped ox's first grain and a two-week convex string pattern. There is a vertical inscription "" at the bottom of the device.

8. 1 copy in public. The source is missing. According to its line drawing, we can see that there is a beam on the machine. Cover, cover raised, cover a bell-shaped handshake. Body deep sub-mouth, short bundle neck, neck has a pair of ring button to cover the top of the lifting, vertical abdomen, near the bottom, full lap. Cover and neck each decorated with a week of Animal Surface pattern, two ends of the lifting beam each decorated with a goat's head, the lifting beam with decorative pattern, ring foot decorated with two-week convex string pattern. The covered text is the same as that cast on the bottom of the device, but the style and number of lines are different. Cover Ming for the vertical paragraph two columns of 5 words: "yinggong Bao Yi"; JI Ming changed to the vertical paragraph single line of 5 words, also "yinggong Bao Yi ".

Yinggong tools and early Zhou yingguo

In 1993, the tomb of yingguo's first (or) was found in yingguo cemetery in Pingdingshan. This is a large gravel tomb with a slightly arc-shaped long trapezoid tomb. According to the unearthed artifacts, the tombs were in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Scholars have speculated that the bronze tools in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, introduced above, are from this large tomb. The tomb has been stolen as early as the Song Dynasty, because the archaeological workers found porcelain bottles in the Song Dynasty, anti-corrosion furnace racks, http://www.66gk?com/product-205.html ;.

There was an Ying Shu Fang ding in yingguo's bronze tools, with the inscription "Ying Shu Bao Zun ?". Although the physical object does not know its whereabouts, it does not see its graphics, but because of its own name ?, It must be the right angle of four-foot copper tripod in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. According to the literature, the country should be the place where Uncle Cheng of Zhou wuwang was banned, and he was first banned in the Zhou chengwang period. According to the research results of scholars in recent years, yingguo was originally re-banned in the old place of yingguo in the Shang Dynasty. His land was migrated to Pingdingshan, Henan Province, around in the kangwang period in the west Zhou Dynasty. It is obvious that Uncle Ying, in his inscription, is the first generation of the country's Monarch. From the comprehensive observation of its inscription font and content, the age of Ying Shu Fang Ding should be in the Period of Zhou chengwang, and should be the artifacts that should be forged when the country was still in changzi County, Shanxi.

Because he was originally banned in Shanxi and located in the west of Anyang, Yin Wang, when Cheng Wang and Zhou Gong set Wu Geng, Guan Shu, and CAI Shu's "three supervisors, therefore, he assigned the mission of supervising Yin's survivors to a neighboring country, and thus he was also called an appropriate supervisor. This is the Supervisor issued by Yugan County, Jiangxi Province? The historical truth. When Cheng Wang and Zhou gongdong zhengjian Yu (the old city of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Gong destroyed the country as a major blow to Yin Shang's power) returned, the power of Yin's survivors was split, together with the old Yin Dynasty ,? After Wei consortium and sub-mails are sent to Wei Kang Shu, the mission of Ying Shu as the supervisor will be deemed as an end, and he can continue to be called Ying Hou. Probably because of his special contribution to the supervision, he became the Minister of Justice of Zhou Wang. Book of songs? Daya? Xiawu: "Mei Z, Ying Hou Shunde" praise speech, perhaps it is because of the great achievements of the Zhou Dynasty, should be promoted to the secret, he eventually became one of the "three fathers" in Zhou Wang's interior, called yinggong.

In the late Wang dynasty, Yin yinmin's forces have been divided into nine "Yin Min's seven" Yin Min's six "Huai surname", which were given to Wei, Lu, and Tang, the remaining parts were "migrated to jiubi (Luoyang )". In the kangwang period, the South Huai Yi and the Chu State located in the Jianghuai basin became the enemy of the southern Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, the Zhou Dynasty Began a strategic military transfer, in batches, the former sub-mails north of the Yellow River are moved to the Jianghuai basin to block their North attack. In this way, yingguo, which was originally located in Shanxi Province, was migrated to Pingdingshan, Henan Province. From then on, yingguo, together with Zeng Guo, e Guo of the "Sui Zao corridor", and Deng Guo and Yi Guo of the Nanyang Basin, constructed a very strong barrier in the southern part of the Zhou Dynasty, it effectively blocks south Huai and Jing Chu from the north. This is the general history of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Editor Tao bei

E-China Copper equipment at Home and Abroad