English translation of Computer

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Chapter 1

1. By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet.

Multiple encoding technologies are used. A set of binary numbers can not only represent binary data, but also represent other discrete symbols, such as decimal numbers or letters in the alphabet.

2. System software provided des not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.

System software includes not only complex programs used by technicians to create application software, but also management programs used to start computers and provide them to other programs.

3. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.

Data is the information of numbers and other binary codes. You can obtain the required computing result by processing the data.

4. Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.

A computer can concatenate several characters into strings, replacing other characters with some characters or processing strings separately, rather than processing characters using arithmetic or logical methods.

5. Software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became must cially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.

Software applications, such as text processing, workbooks, database management programs, drawing programs, and desktop printing, enter the business market to enable more people to use computers.

Chapter 2

1. By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.

By maintaining the correct order of internal and external control signals, the control unit prompts other components of the CPU and computer to complete the operation according to the correct processing instructions.

2. In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed.

In a computer that uses virtual memory, rarely used programs are moved from RAM to the hard disk and only moved back when needed.

3. A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle.

One technique used to compensate for the mismatch of operation speed is to use a very fast small-capacity high-speed buffer memory between the CPU and memory, and its access time is close to the logic clock cycle of the processor.

4. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanic may be needed.

The data transmission rate of external devices is generally slower than the data transmission rate of the CPU. A synchronization mechanism is required.

5. In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning address of the I/O service routine is stored.

In some computers, the interrupt vector is an address that points to the unit that stores the actual address of the I/O service program in the memory.

Chapter 3

1. The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughout, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.

The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up computer processing and increase its throughput. The so-called throughput is the instruction completed within the specified interval.

2. It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in distinct segments at the same time.

The feature of the pipeline is that several different operations can be processed in different subprocesses at the same time.

3. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and parallel processing techniques.

To achieve the required high performance, it is necessary to adopt the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply the innovative processes of new technologies such as vector processing and parallel processing.

4. In general, the greater the number of instructions set, the larger the propagation delay is within the CPU.

In general, the more commands in the instruction set, the larger the propagation delay in the CPU.

5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not necessarily increase development costs

Although the CISC processor is more complex, this does not necessarily lead to an increase in development costs.

Chapter 4

1. Primitives In short, Communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithm's representation is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate detail.

In short, the language used for algorithm description does not have a precise definition or the information is not detailed enough, which may cause communication problems.

2. Another common algorithmic structure involves that the need to continue executing a statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remains true.

Another common algorithm structure is to execute a statement or statement sequence cyclically when the condition is true.

3. In Alibaba algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes, but also for different inputs of the same size.

Among many algorithms, there are not only input with different lengths, but also input with the same length.

4. thus, dynamic programming is bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems, saving these results, and then reusing them to solve larger and larger subproblems until the solution to the original problems obtained.

Therefore, dynamic programming is a bottom-up approach. This approach usually solves the smallest subproblem first, saves its solution, and then uses these solutions to solve large problems, step by step until the original problem is resolved.

5. the conversion from this conceptual one-dimensional array organization to the actual arrangement within the machine's memory is straightforward, and the data can be stored in a sequence of 24 memory cells with consecutive addresses in the same order envisioned by the programmer.

The conversion from this conceptual one-dimensional method to the actual arrangement in the machine memory is very direct. The data can be stored in 24 adjacent memory units in the same sequence as the programmer imagined.

Chapter 5

1. Documentation is needed for everyone who will be involved with the program-users, operators, and programmers.

Documentation is required for every person-user, operator, and programmer related to programming.

2. Rather, programs written in a high-level language or assembly language are converted to machine language, which is then executed by the computer.

Instead, programs written in advanced or assembler languages are converted into machine languages and then executed by computers.

3. The corresponding programs set forth precise procedures, or series of instructions, and the programmer has to follow a proper order of actions to solve a problem.

The corresponding program establishes a precise process or execution sequence, and the programmer must follow the correct execution sequence to solve the problem.

4.4GLs may not entirely replace third-generation extensions ages because they are usually focused on specific tasks and hence offer fewer options.

4Gls may not completely replace third-generation languages because they usually focus on specialized tasks and therefore have very few choices.

5. Inheritance is the means by which objects of a class can access member variables and functions ined in previusly defined class, without having to restate those definitions.

Inheritance is a method through which class objects can access member variables and functions in the previously precisely defined classes without declaring those definitions again.

Chapter 6

1. The majority of an installation's utility software consists of programs for discovery activities that are fundamental to computer installations yet not supported in the operating system.

Most of the installation utilities include programs used to execute actions. These actions are very important for computer installation, but are not included in the operating system.

2. Modern shells perform this task by means of a graphical user interface (GUI) in which objects to be manipulated, such as files and programs, are represented pictorially on the monitor screen as icons.

The modern shell program completes this work through the graphical user interface (GUI, objects such as files and programs to be operated on the graphic interface are displayed on the computer screen as graphical icons.

3. the basic technique for a time-sharing system is to have multiple users simultaneously using the system through terminals, with the operating system interleaving the execution of each user program in a short burst, or quantum, of computation. the basic technology of the time-sharing system is that multiple users must use the system at the same time through the terminal. The operating system regularly executes each user program in a short time segment.

4. A real-time process or task is one that is executed in connection with some process or function or set of events external to the computer system and that must meet one or more deadlines to interact between tively and correctly with the external environment.

A Real-time process or task is a kind of operation that needs to be associated with a series of events other than processing or functions or computer systems, and it must satisfy one or more time boundaries to effectively and correctly interact with external environments.

5. providing a similar interface to Windows 9x, it is a multitasking, multiprocessing operating system with built-in support for large networks of computers-that is, Windows NT is a multi-user system.

It provides a user interface similar to Windows 9x and is a multi-task, multi-process operating system. It provides support for large-scale computer networks in the system-that is, windows NT is a multi-user system.

Chapter 7

1. Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or perform specific business task.

Applications are software designed to help you solve business-specific or specialized business tasks.

2. Although applications software packages differ in their use of specific commands and functions, most of them have some features in common.

Although application software packages differ in the use of specific commands and functions, most application software has some common features.

3. applications software programs allow you to copy an item from one document and then paste it into another document or application, or copy an item and place the copy in another part of the same document.

Many applications allow you to copy one item from one file and paste it into another file or application, or copy one item and place it in another location of the same document.

4. The user can do all these manipulations on screen, in "wysiwyg" fashion, before printing out hardcopy.

You can perform these operations in WYSIWYG manner on the screen before printing.

5. It's worth nothing that word processing programs (and indeed most forms of applications software) come from the manufacturer with default settings.

It is worth mentioning that the text processing programs (in fact the vast majority of applications) from the producer have default settings.

Chapter 8

1. Since the files and application programs are created by different programmers over a long period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in several programming ages.

Because files and programs are created by different programmers, different files may be written in different formats and different programs may be written in different computer languages.

2. In what follows, we shall see the concepts and algorithms that have been developed for database systems to solve the problems mentioned.

Next, let's take a look at the concepts and algorithms proposed by the database system to solve the above problems.

3. Despite the use of simpler structures at the logical level, some complexity remains, because of the large size of the database.

Although a simple structure is used in the logic layer, there is still a certain degree of complexity due to the large scale of the database.

4. Returning to the customer-record type definition, note that, in declaring the type customer, we have not declared any variables.

Let's look back at the definition of the customer record type. Note that we only define the customer type without defining any variables.

5. Ensuring the atomicity and durability properties is the responsibility of the database system itself-specifically, of the transaction-management component.

The attribute that ensures atomicity and durability is the task of the database itself. More precisely, it is the task of the transaction management component.

Chapter 9

1. Just as manufactures look for ways to assure the quality of the products they produced, so too must software engineers find methods to assure that their products are of acceptable quality and utility.

Just as manufacturers seek ways to ensure the quality of the products they produce, software engineers must also try to ensure that their products are acceptable in terms of quality and effectiveness.

2. An allocation action is a description of the problem at some level of generalization that allows us to concentrate on the key aspects of the problem without getting mired in the details.

Abstraction refers to the description of a problem at certain levels of generalization. It enables us to focus on the key aspects of the problem rather than getting stuck in the details.

3. The importance of these approaches is their capture of our design experience, enabling us to capitalize on our past projects by reusing both what we have done and what we have learned by doing it.

The importance of these methods is that they focus on our design experience so that we can fully utilize the projects developed in the past by reusing existing results and completing the knowledge learned by that project.

4. upon completion of acceptance testing, the accepted system is installed in the environment in which it will be used; a final installation test is run to make sure that the system still functions as it shoshould.

After the acceptance test is completed, the system will be installed in the actual operating environment, and the installation test will ensure that the system still runs as expected.

5. Software development is both a creative and a step-by-step process, often involving requires people producing different kinds of products.

Software development is both a creative process and a step-by-step process, often involving multiple different people to produce different types of products.

Chapter 10

1. Encapsulation is then the technique for packaging the information in such a way as to hide what shoshould be hidden, and make visible what is intended to be visible.

Encapsulation is a packaging technology that hides hidden information and makes visible information visible.

2. This vulnerability SS-the process consistency is a key difference between more traditional procedural development and the OO development process.

This consistency throughout the development process is the fundamental difference between traditional process-based development and OO development.

3. Domain knowledge enables the developers to understand the context in which the system will be used and to describe the requirements in a way that the user will understand them.

Domain knowledge allows developers to understand the system environment in the way they use the system, and describe the requirements in the way they want to understand.

4. The system design is considered to be a high-level custom action of what will eventually be the program design.

System design is regarded as a high-level abstraction of program design.

5. It is usually necessary for the implementers to refine the hierarchical structures and make adjustments as the requirements grow and mature.

Implementers usually need to refine the hierarchy and make appropriate adjustments as demand changes and snow falls.

Chapter 2

1. Organizations with hundreds of offices spread over a wide geographical area routinely failed CT to be able to examine the current status of even their most remote outpost at the push of a button.

Organizations with hundreds of offices can expand to a wider area, and expect to be able to understand the current operation of institutions in a distant area by simply clicking a button.

2. The old model of a single computer serving all of the organization's computational needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job.

The concept of a single computer serving all computer needs in an organization is quickly replaced by a large number of scattered but interconnected computers.

3. ical advances are making it possible for communications links to carry more and faster signals. As a result, services are evolving to allow use of the expanded capacity, including extensions to established telephone service.

Technological advances make it possible to establish a communication link that can transmit more and faster signals, so as to provide new services for the use of these extended communication capabilities.

4. There is no generally accepted taxonomy into which all computer networks fit, but two dimensions stand out as important: transmission technology and scale.

There is no widely accepted classification for all computer networks, but there are two standards that are important: transmission technology and scale.

5. ISO's purpose is to promote the development of standardization and related activities to facilitate international exchange of goods and services.

ISO aims to promote standardization and its related activities to promote international trade and service exchanges.

Chapter 1. the ARPAnet was designed so that even if part of its physical structure were destroyed, information cocould still be sent to any remaining destination. the purpose of ARPAnet design is to transmit information to any residual target point even if a specific part of the network is damaged.

2. To map a name onto an IP address, an application program calla library procedure called the resolver, passing it the name as a parameter.

To map a name to an IP address, the application calls a library program called the parser and passes the name as a parameter.

3. Within the Internet, e-mail is delivered by having the source machine establish a TCP connection to port 25 of the destination machine.

On the Internet, an email is sent by establishing a TCP connection between the source machine and the destination machine port 25th.

4. An intranet uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate communication between people or workgroups to improve the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization's employees.

The enterprise intranet uses network technology as a tool to improve the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base of enterprise employees through communication between people or working groups.

5. An organization's intranet typically supported des Internet access but is firewalled so that its computers cannot be reached directly from the outside.

An organizational unit's enterprise intranet typically includes Internet access, but there is also a firewall that prevents external access to its computer.