The role of the shell: between the system kernel and the user, is responsible for interpreting the command line.
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Shell programs that are used by default after logging in, typically/bin/bash
Different shell internal instructions, operating environment, etc. will differ
[Email protected] ~]# Cat/etc/shells
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh
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################### #Write a script instance ####################
1, using VI text editor, each line of a Linux command, according to the order of execution to write
[Email protected] ~]# VI frist.sh
cd/boot/
Pwd
LS-LH VML
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2. Give executable permission
[Email protected] ~]# chmod +x frist.sh
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3. There are three ways to execute a script file
Method One: Script file path
[Email protected]/]# sh/frist.sh
/boot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M July 09:18 vmlinuz-0-rescue-78ce74241c884ba1861483f7ce9ce624
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M November vmlinuz-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64
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Method Two: Sh script file path
[Email protected] ~]#./frist.sh
/boot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M July 09:18 vmlinuz-0-rescue-78ce74241c884ba1861483f7ce9ce624
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M November vmlinuz-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64
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Method Three: The source script file path switches directly to the script's working environment
[Email protected]/]# source/frist.sh
/boot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M July 09:18 vmlinuz-0-rescue-78ce74241c884ba1861483f7ce9ce624
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M November vmlinuz-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64
[Email protected] boot]# pwd
/boot
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4. Perfect script structure
Script Declaration, comment information, executable statement
[Email protected] boot]# vi/frist.sh
#!/bin/bash
#This is my first shell-script.
Cd/boot
echo "The current directory is located in:"
Pwd
echo "The files that begin with VML include:"
LS-LH VML
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[Email protected] boot]#/first.sh
The current directory is located at:
/boot
Files that begin with VML include the following:
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M July 09:18 vmlinuz-0-rescue-78ce74241c884ba1861483f7ce9ce624
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5.2M November vmlinuz-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64
·
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################### #Redirection and pipeline operations ####################
1. Interactive hardware devices
Type file description number default device
Standard Input 0 Keyboard
Standard Output 1 screen
Standard Error 2 Screen
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2. REDIRECT Operation
Type operation symbol function
REDIRECT Input < read data from the specified file instead of typing from the keyboard
REDIRECT Output > Save output to the specified file (overwrite the original content)
Standard error Output 2> saving error information to the specified file (overwrite the original content)
------------------2>> Append the error message to the specified file
Mixed output &> save standard output, standard error content to the same file
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3 pipe operation symbol "|"
Outputs the command on the left as the processing object for the right command
[[email protected] ~]# grep "bash"/etc/passwd
Root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
Yuan:x:1021:1021::/home/yuan:/bin/bash
[[email protected] ~]# grep "Bash"/etc/passwd | Wc-l
2
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################### #The role of the shell variable, type ####################
Role
Provides specific parameters for flexible management of Linux systems with two layers of meaning
Variable name: Using a fixed name, either by a system preset or by a user-defined
Variable Value: Ability to change depending on user settings and system environment
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Type
Custom variables: defined, modified, and used by the user
Environment variables: maintained by the system for setting up the working environment
Positional variables: Passing parameters to the script through the command line
Predefined variables: A class of variables built into bash that cannot be modified directly
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Custom variables
Variable name = variable Value
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################### #View the value of a variable echo $ variable name ####################
[Email protected]/]# Product=python
[Email protected]/]# version=2.7.13
[Email protected]/]# echo $Product
Python
[Email protected]/]# echo $Product $Version
Python 2.7.13
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################### #Use quotes when assigning ####################
Double quotation marks: Allow referencing of other variable values through the $ symbol
Single quotation marks: Prohibit reference to other variable values, $ as normal characters
Reverse apostrophe: Command substitution, extracting output from command execution
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# # #Use bash's built-in read command to assign values to variables, the read command prompts the user to enter user information for a simple interactive process # # #
Read [-P ' hint message '] variable name
[email protected]/]# Read ToDir2
/opt
[Email protected]/]# echo $ToDir 2
/opt
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####################Setting the scope of the variable ####################
[Email protected]/]# echo "$Product $Version"
Python 2.7.13
[Email protected]/]# export Product Version # # # #Set as global variable
[[email protected]/]# Bash # # # # #Enter the shell environment
[Email protected]/]# echo "$Product $Version" # # # #Subprogram reference global variable
Python 2.7.13
[[Email protected]/]# exit
Exit
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################### #Integer variable operation ####################
Addition Operation: +
Subtraction Operations:-
Multiplication Operation: *
Division Operation:/
Modulus (take rest) operation:%
[Email protected]/]# x=35
[Email protected]/]# y=16
[Email protected]/]# expr $X + $Y
51
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[Email protected]/]# expr $X-$Y
19
[Email protected]/]# expr $X * $Y
560
[Email protected]/]# expr $X/$Y
2
[Email protected]/]# expr $X% $Y
3
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[Email protected] ~]# ycube=expr $Y \* $Y \* $Y
[Email protected] ~]# echo $Ycube
4096
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################### #Position variable ####################
represented as $n, n is a number between 1~9
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[Email protected]/]# VI add.sh
#!/bin/bash
sum=expr $1 + $2
echo "$ + $ = $SUM"
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[Email protected] ~]# chmod +x add.sh
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[Email protected]/]#./add.sh 12 34
12 + 34 = 46
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################### #Predefined variable ####################
$#: Number of positional variables in the command line
$
: The contents of all positional variables
$?: The state returned after the previous command was executed, when the return status value is 0 indicates normal execution, and a value other than 0 indicates an exception or error
$: The currently executing process/program name
[Email protected] ~]# VI mybak.sh
#!/bin/bash
tarfile=beifen-date +%s. tgz
Tar zcf $TARFILE $&>/dev/null
echo "Executed $ script"
echo "Complete a backup of $# objects altogether"
echo "Specific content includes: $*"
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[Email protected] ~]# chmod +x mybak.sh # # #give this script execution permission
[Email protected] ~]#./mybak.sh/boot/grub # # #Backup one
The./mybak.sh script has been executed
A total of 1 object backups completed
Specific content includes:/boot/grub
[Email protected] ~]#./mybak.sh/etc/passwd/etc/shadow # # #Backup two
The./mybak.sh script has been executed
A total of 2 object backups completed
Specific content includes:/etc/passwd/etc/shadow
Shell script (i) Shell scripting basics using shell variables
