English Essay Writing skills-2 feel useful, welcome to discuss Mutual learning ~follow Me
Reference documents
Http://muchong.com/html/200906/1393920.html
Modifiers and modified words are approaching
- Scientific and technical writing requires rigor and clarity. In order to strictly define a thing, it is often necessary to add a restrictive modifier or short phrase. For example, when describing experimental mice, generally do not just say mice, but with similar "nci-h23 tumor bearing female athymic nude mice Description. There are 5 modifiers in the front to define the research mice. This is generally the narrowest definition written in the front, the broadest definition is written in the back. The modifier is to be close to the same modified object. There are many situations where the meanings are confused because the modifiers and the modified words are separated. Here are some examples.
- Inhibition of Acid B on xanthine oxidase is also reported.
Inhibition of acid xanthine oxidase was also reported.
Inhibition of the following should be followed xanthine oxidase, rather than Acid B, after separating the sentence is difficult to read.
Change to: Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Acid B is also reported.
The inhibitory effect of acid B on xanthine oxidase was also reported.
- The chelating activities for ferrous ion of the Acid B were assessed.
The chelating activity of ferrous ions in acid B was evaluated.
The chelating activities should be followed by Acid B, not ferrous ion.
Should be replaced by: the chelating activities of the Acid B for ferrous ion were assessed.
The chelating activity of acid B on ferrous ions was evaluated.
- Reducing power represents the electron donating capacity, which may serve as a significant indicator of potential ANTIOXID Ant activity.
The reduction of power represents an important indicator of the potential antioxidant activity of electronic capability.
The modifier that starts with which is to decorate reducing power, not to decorate the electron donating capacity, so keep it immediately behind reducing power.
Change to: reducing power, which may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity, represents the electron Donating capacity. Or: reducing power represents the electron donating capacity. It may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity.
The subject and the predicate are positioned close to the sentence.
- To make the sentence more readable, there are two factors that are particularly important to note.
First, the length of the sentence should be appropriate. Studies have shown that there are 13-20 words in a sentence that are most suitable for reading. Too short sentences have a feeling of fragmentation, and too long sentences are difficult to read.
The second is the subject and the predicate verb to be close. If separated too far, there will be a feeling of isolation, sentences can be difficult to read, although it is syntactically feasible. This is mainly related to the process and manner in which the human brain processes text messages. When people read the subject, they naturally expect to know the action behind the subject, That is the result. Before the Act (predicate) appears, the reader needs to remember what the subject is, while reading and understanding the following words is tiring. It's like holding your breath and waiting for something to happen, only when the predicate appears and you know the action of the subject.
- Lincomycin, one of the Lincosamide antimicrobial agents which was first isolated more than fifty years ago, is used as a Major antibiotic for the treatment of diseases caused by most gram-positive bacteria.
- Change to: Lincomycin is one of the lincosamide antimicrobial agents which were first isolated more than fifty years ago. It is used as a major antibiotic for the treatment of diseases caused by most gram-positive bacteria.
noun as an adjective
- In science and technology writing, nouns are often used as adjectives, such as the temperature, university researchers.
When one noun is used to modify another noun, the meaning is generally clear. But be careful when three nouns are put together, or two nouns are added with an adjective. In some cases, 3 or more than 3 nouns are put together, the meaning of the expression is very clear, but also a very concise way of expression. such as: Blood white cell number, prostate cancer patient, Beijing University Medical School student.
But sometimes there are many ways to do it. The top university researchers can be researchers of top university or (all) university researchers the WHO is top. A number of nouns are lined together, i.e. Make the expression clear, also give the feeling of crowding. The use of multiple nouns should be avoided. The best way to do this is to separate them with prepositions or other means so that they can be clearly expressed in terms of their modification. A number of nouns list the situation often occurs, below give some examples.
- He wrote the quality control group reports.
Change to: He wrote the reports of the quality control group.
- The patient showed chronic liver disease symptoms.
Should be replaced by: the patient showed symptoms of chronic liver disease.
- The human brain oxygen level was quite high.
Change to: The oxygen level in human brain are quite high.
- Their specific inhibition producing effects on fat containing food intake were assessed.
Should be replaced by: their specific effects of inhibition on the intake of fat containing food were assessed.
- The present investigation evaluated various specific drug sample combinations.
Change to: The present investigation evaluated various combinations of specific drug samples
The tense of a sentence (to be researched)
- In scientific papers, there are basically only two tenses, the present tense and the past tense. Some authors occasionally use it when they are finished. It is generally used only for many times and has been studied. Other tenses are seldom used. The tense in the paper has its specific meaning. Tense is used to indicate the degree of cognition of scientific research
- When describing the published literature results, use the present time, because the published results are recognized as facts. When describing unpublished experiments and results, using the past, because it has not been recognized, And it was done before the paper. Because of the specific use of tenses in scientific papers, it is often necessary to convert tenses in writing. It is possible to use two tenses in a sentence. In general, it is necessary to tell about your own experiments and conclusions in the abstract in order to use the past tense. Introduction to summarize the literature and problems, to the present time-based, but also with some past time. Methods and Results are both talking about their own experiments and results, using the past time. and discussion need to be based on the description of the literature or their own experiments, need to exchange the use of the present and the past.
- In quoting the results of the literature, the conclusions published in the past can be regarded as facts that have already been recognized and should be used in the present time. But when quoting past experiments, especially when the author is the subject, the past is something that should be used in the past.
- Wang showed that's the rate of growth was dependent on temperature.
Smith studied the growth rate and reported, that it's dependent on temperature.
- If the author is not the subject, and the author's study is subject, use the present time.
- Investigation by Wang shows, the rate of growth was dependent on temperature.
- When describing your own experiments and experimental results, apply the past. Because it is done before writing the article, and has not been accepted as the fact (published).
- We measured its plasma concentration and found, it was the Times higher in obesity patients than in normal population.
- When you tell the results displayed in table or figure, you can use the present time.
- Table 4 shows that growth is dependent on temperature.
- The results of the calculations and the results of the statistical analysis should be used now.
- The calculated value is significantly lower indicating most of the dissolved compound was degraded.
Active sentences and passive sentences
- Many people think that scientific papers should use passive sentences, do not add to the composition of personality. Now more and more magazines advocate the use of active sentences, because the active sentence is more concise and clear. The "It is reported by the authors of this paper" to "we reported that" would appear more concise and straightforward. Here's an example:
In 2002 we reported the synthesis of anthramycin analogues and their DNA binding activities studied by gel electrophoresis .
but the experimental part still mainly uses the passive sentence. With "The drug concentration was measured by HPLC" and generally not "We measured the drug concentration by HPLC".
Use of punctuation
- There are commas, periods and semicolons used in the writing of English sci-tech papers. Colons and question marks are rarely used, and exclamation points are almost never used. The semicolon is now used less often, with periods instead. It is normal to use commas and periods in a paper. The following is a description of the use of commas. Although the comma is very small, it is necessary to express clearly the message you want to convey. For example, in the following example, a sentence is difficult to read without a comma. With commas, commas are placed in different places, meaning they are completely different.
- Although it is incubated at the O C for hours no reaction occurred.
- Although it is incubated at the O C for hours, no reaction occurred.
- Although it is incubated at-o C, for hours no reaction occurred.
- Comma is used to separate two separate sentences, the following sentence is possible.
- Ethanol is used to replace gasoline, and it's produced from corn.
- The following sentence is inappropriate because the comma is not followed by a complete sentence.
- Ethanol are used to replace gasoline, and are produced from corn.
- When a long statement appears in front of the sentence, separate it with commas. If the statement is not long, there is no need to pause, or you can use commas.
- During the process of solvent removal, some crystalline solid was formed.
- During The process precipitate was formed.
The notation of numbers
Scientific papers are inseparable from numbers. One way to pronounce numbers is to use English words, such as three, thirteen. The other is to write the Arabic numerals. The following simple rules can be used to specify which type of writing to use.
Integers of less than 10 in English, numbers greater than or equal to 10 with Arabic numeralsThee experiments
One assay
Birds
6,500 miles
Numbers with decimal points and units in Arabic numerals1.2 Hours
5 percent
3 am
Page 3
Numbers at the beginning of a sentence in English words- The beginning of a sentence in English is indicated by an uppercase letter. If it is a number, it cannot be used to denote the beginning of a sentence. So you can't start a sentence with numbers. Then write the numbers in English, Or better be able to modify a sentence without a number opening. A frequently used method is to put the number of numbers represented in parentheses.
- Ten ml ethanol was added. (Not recommended)
- Ten ml ethanol was added.
- Ethanol (ten ml) was added.
Eggs were used daily during the study.
Change to: During The study, eggs were used daily.
When the two numbers appear side by side, one in English, the other using numbers, and when two numbers appear in parallel, they are prone to confusion if they are written in numbers or words.Three Eight-rat groups changed to three 8-rats groups
3 8-rats groups changed to three 8-rats groups
5-day Study
Two-engine Airplanes
Units of numbers less than 1 are singular, numbers greater than 1 are plural0.25 gram
0.8 second
1.5 grams
3.45 seconds
0 later units with pluralZero meters
0 meters
Abbreviations for units are the same as the singular and plural.0.1 ml
ml
Use of the articles of the word
- The use of the article is a feature of English, there is no corresponding word in Chinese. The use of the a/an and indefinite articles is often poorly mastered, and the most common is the omission of indefinite articles .
- There have been increase in loss of agricultural land.
Should be replaced by: there has been a increase in the loss of agricultural land.
- Stresses at various locations in crank is calculated by using sets of unit load cases applied to single throw FE mode L .
Stresses at various locations in the crank is calculated by using sets of unit load cases applied to a single throw FE model.
- The multi-use of definite articles
- The alcohol is produced by the fermentation of the grains like corn and wheat.
Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of grains such as corn and wheat.
Should be changed to: Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of grains like corn and wheat.
Alcohol and grains are all generic, do not need to add the title of the word.
- In addition to being the first word, do not capitalize the articles in the title.
- The dependence of Crystal growth on the solvents.
Use of the same word
- There are times when writing a simple explanation and description of a new quoted thing or concept, but writing a single sentence interrupts the connection before and after. It is a common way to use the same word to explain it.
- The Hallervorden–spatz syndrome, a neurological disorder associated with iron accumulation, have been linked to a decline In cysteine dioxygenase activity.
Hallervorden-spatz syndrome is a neurological disease associated with iron accumulation and is associated with a decrease in the activity of cysteine double-oxygenated enzymes.
- The same word should be the same as the decoration of things and so on, explaining what is, and cannot be used to explain the nature of the things to be modified. The use of the same word in the sentence below is inappropriate.
- Penicillin, not stable in water, was developed during WWII.
Penicillin, unstable in water, invented in the Second World War
Superfluous words.
- The supernatant is collected and concentrated in vacuum to evaporate the solvent. The
- concentrate is evaporate the solvent, and the back to evaporate the solvent is superfluous. Similar to repeating the meaning of some words again is the most likely redundant word. Similar to 8PM I n the evening, blue in color, small in size, in vivo animal models, and vitro cell cultures all have redundant words.
- The results of activities of tested compounds were listed in Table 1. The
- Results is redundant. Chinese often write "experimental results", "Activity detection results", but the English "results" is not required to translate. The
should read: The activities of tested compounds were listed in Table 1.
- In the following example, their is acid B and D, and the two are going to get rid of one
- the chemical mechanisms of their antioxidant Activities of acid B and D were not well understood. The
should be changed to: the chemical mechanisms of the antioxidant activities of acid B and D were not well understood.
- Some phrases, such as it should be mentioned, it should is pointed out, it is found, it was determined, ... are lengthy and tactful, and should be explained directly.
[Turn] English essay writing skills-2
