Writing LINUX Study Notes by yourself [the second modification] -- Refinement

Write your own LINUX Study Notes [the second modification] -- refinement -- Linux general technology-Linux technology and application information. The following is a detailed description. Debian linux

At first, I understood that linux is Red Head. At the beginning, I was just using Red Head. I didn't expect that there were so many linux releases. I tried to study Debian in March this year. Now the course is over, I want to write something to help beginners learn.
At first, I wanted to find a better release version to learn about, but later I found that any release version is very good, as long as you like to use anything, who is called linux is free of charge.

Debian web site www.debian.org Ubuntu is a popular derivative release of Debian.
Ubuntu web site www.ubuntu.com

Debian Installation
First, obtain the ISO installation file on the Debian website. Because Debian is based on the GNU protocol, you can download its installation files and original files for free.

I will not elaborate on how to install it here. There are many forums in China that have relevant information. Here I declare that I will encounter many problems during my study, I usually post on BBS for help or GOOGLE, because most of the problems you encounter may have been raised or solved several years ago.

Here we will focus on a few important directories. There is no partition in LINUX, and all its "partitions" exist in the form of directories, the related hardware device is also a directory file in LINUX.
/Root directory
The/SWAP directory is generally about twice the memory size, and part of the hard disk space is used as a part of the memory, which is equivalent to the virtual memory in ms windows, which is mainly used to make up for memory insufficiency. . [Note: For memory above MB, it is enough to separate/swap from MB to 1 GB. For example, if the sleep function is used, it is enough as long as it is not smaller than the memory. Provided by Internet user Acacia love text]Here I personally think that if the user's disk permits/swap to be divided into about 2 times of memory. As for why, I can only say that this is a general rule. When you install large software, you will naturally understand it. If you install ORCALE 10G or a later version, you just need to try the database.
The/BOOT startup directory stores the relevant files during startup. Different from ms windows, ms windows generally produces a large number of self-starting programs as the user's software increases, the startup directory will increase accordingly, but this problem does not exist in LINUX. Generally, this directory is set to MB.
During installation, you only need to set the size of the preceding three directories. Or Select automatic installation.

After installation, the driver may be installed. Most of the problems are the video card, sound card, and wireless network card. I installed LINUX on my laptop. At first I used Debian, which never solved the Sound Card problem. Later I installed Ubuntu to solve the Sound Card problem perfectly. Although Ubuntu is a derivative release of Debian, its development is faster than Debian. It is said that problems have occurred within the Debian organization, which affects the development of Debian. After the sound card is installed, the system solves this problem by itself. As for the video card problem, I was quite depressed at the beginning to solve this problem, my graphics card is ATI-1450 to find all the sites and the official website did not find me this LINUX driver, at that time I plan to study the driver, huh, the essence of learning is to discover and solve the problem. I don't believe that I can solve the problem with my 5 years of programming experience. But I didn't implement it, because I know that I have been doing JAVA for the past few years. Compilation and C language have never been in touch. It will take some time to implement it. I again in the BBS and GOOGLE search, and later found that ATI-1450 is derived from the sub-products, the driver is basically the same, so call me again on the official website to download the 1400 graphics card driver. Okay, the problem is solved. As for the wireless network card, if you can find the best installation package, if not, there are two solutions, one is to install from the original file, or install a plug-in to install the driver in MS ipvs. Since how to install it later. Haha...
LINUX has many commands. You only need to understand and master Common commands. If you do not forget to use the help commands and related documents as much as possible. Note that although the kernel of Different releases is of the same version, some commands are different. Use the correct command in combination with your own version. Of course, most of the commands are the same. Here I will not talk about the usage of commands but briefly explain the functions of some common commands. (We recommend that you use the XWINDOWS interface for beginners so that you can use the virtual terminal to complete command operations, instead of using the character interface when you use the system as an application, of course, your level is definitely not average at that time .)

Shutdown, restart, and sleep
HalfReboot
Init 0 Init 6
Shutdown? P [now] Shutdown? RShutdown? N

When talking about Mount commands, beginners need to know that there are three file systems in WINDOWS: fat16 (obsolete), fat32, ntfs should pay attention to the fact that you can perform perfect read and write operations on the file system mounted to FAT32 in LINUX, while you can only perform read operations when mounting the NTFS file system, of course, there are related plug-ins that can solve this problem, so I do not recommend it. To avoid unnecessary losses caused by misoperations. Note that a hard disk can contain a maximum of four primary partitions.
When mounting WINDOWS partitions, You need to first know which partitions you want to mount are in the first partition. For example, my windows d disk partition is 5th partitions, and so on, of course there are commands to query, FDISK? L displays the partitions of all disks. It should be noted that in DEBIAN, all IDE or popular SATA hard disks are regarded as SCISC hard disks, so SDA's A here is the first fast hard disk, HDA means IDE's first fast hard disk. [Note: The old version of debian IDE or hda must be specified here (the stable version I use is).]To mention the version, I need to make a small note here. There are three versions in linux: stable (stable and secure version), testing (test version), and unstable (unstable version ). We recommend that you use stable for beginners. If you start to build the kernel one day, you can use any version.

File System loading Command [Support for long file names] uninstall command
NTFSMount? T ntfs/dev/sda5/mnt [? O nls = utf8, umask = 0] umount/mnt
FATMount? T vfat/dev/sda6/mnt [? O nls = utf8, umask = 0] umount/mnt
CDROMMount? R? T iso9660/dev/cdrom/mnt/cdromumount/mnt/cdrom

Here, take a look at how to mount a USB flash drive.

I'm really sorry. I 've been busy with my work and have no time to continue writing this, But I'm free tonight ~ After taking a bath and taking a cup of tea and doing what you like in front of the computer, it is really a happy thing. Well, let's not talk about it. Let's write something.

By the way, I suddenly thought of two questions. One was the corrections that my friends gave me on the Forum. Here, I would like to thank my friends for their support. Your support is my motivation. I have modified the content, added some personal opinions, and did not want to talk about it. Second, a beginner asked me, "Can I play World of Warcraft in LINUX? "To tell the truth, I didn't play any online games during my college days. At most, my dormitory students played CS. I directly replied, "do not engage in LINUX when playing games." Indeed, LINUX is not only an operating system, but also a technology in the application field. For gaming, LINUX is not as good as MS ipvs. Why do many people engage in LINUX? I think it is to reduce the company's development costs (this is also the benefit of LINUX without money) and the security of LINUX (because the original code is open for security ). To sum up, friends playing games should not engage in LINUX. He does not belong to you.
A friend who is used to doscommands, who is not familiar with LINUX commands at first, usually uses the doscommand in LINUX. Of course, some commands are indeed similar. At first, I did the same thing, for example, dir cd. Later I learned about it and got a correct understanding. LS-L (view directories and files) commands are commonly used, the command is similar to the DIR command in ms windows.

Let's talk about the reason why I like LINUX. If I don't talk about other software installation, I think LINUX is very prominent. You don't have to download it and install it directly. Well, maybe you still don't know how to install any dependency software in LINUX, how can we know what dependencies are and what dependencies are not as users. I don't want to know either. The following command can be installed on the network.
First, you need to know what software you want to install. Here I want to install the REALPLAY player
Apt-cache search realplay (search)
Apt-get install realplay (installation)
Apt-get remove realplay (remove)
In this way, all dependencies are installed together.
You can modify the configuration of the download path in etc/apt/source. list.
For more information about the download path, see.


If ms windows is installed on your computer, after LINUX is installed again, GROUB starts LINUX by default, while most users work in ms windows, every time you press the keyboard to access ms windows, it is a tedious task. Here we can go to BOOT/GRUB/MENU. configuration in LST.
# Default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# The entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# Is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault '.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not change this entry to 'saved' or your
# Array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
Default4
The above is to set the default operating system startup configuration, # starts with a comment, friends who have learned the program know. if your E-text is OK enough, it won't be difficult for you. as long as you find this line, num starting with default num is the operating system you need to start. The default value here is 0, and I have another WINDOWS Xp, so here I set it to 4. only the ROOT user can modify the parameters here.
Speaking of users, I need to give a brief description here. in LINUX, the ROOT permission is the highest, which is the same as ADMINISTRATOR in MS WINDOWS. In general, it is not recommended to use the ROOT user to log on to the system, in LINUX, permissions are configured in decimal format. The original data is in binary format.
Rwx r read operation W write operation X execute Operation
If all three permissions are granted, the corresponding decimal value is 7. The binary value is 111.
Root @ ubuntu:/opt # chmod 777 hello
Here, we set the permission for the hello directory to RWX. Here, let's take a look at what these three RWX represent. if you set the hello directory to RWX R-X R -- what should you do.

Now, we are here for you. We hope your support will be appreciated !!!

[ This post was last edited by xiaoban0514]