Writing requirements, process and writing skills of the thesis

Writing requirements, process and writing skills of the thesis

In a broad sense, a work that deals with the content of science and technology is called scientific writings, such as original works (theses), briefings, synthesis reports, progress reports, literature reviews, commentaries, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books. However, only the original works and their briefings are original, primary, first-nature, involving the creation of intellectual property rights such as inventions. Others, of course, are also important, but are processed, developed, and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is only a few thoughts on the writing of the thesis. In the discussion of paper writing is not prepared to talk about the various provisions and rules of manuscript writing. I mainly talk about the problems and experiences which are apt to occur in the thesis writing, which is the normative problem of writing ethics and writing content.

I. Requirements for paper writing

The following is described in order of the structure of the paper.

(a) thesis--The topic of scientific papers are subject, can not be "untitled". The topic of the paper is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be in accordance with the content, as far as possible without subtitle, no 1th newspaper, 2nd newspaper and so on. The title of the thesis is to use a straight voice, no exclamation point or question mark, nor can the title of the scientific paper be written in the language of advertising or news reporting.

(ii) thesis--Signature scientific paper should be the real name and real work unit. The main embodiment of responsibility, results attribution and facilitate future generations to follow the study. The author of the thesis in the strict sense refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, program design, establishment method, experiment operation, collating material, summarizing, writing, etc., should be able to answer the relevant questions of the paper. Now it's time to list all the people who are working, and that should be in order of contribution. The signature of the paper shall be subject to my consent. According to the actual situation, academic instructors can be classified as the author of the paper, but also generally thanks. Executive leaders are generally not named.

(c) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating paper, it is important to write well. A good paper introduction often makes the reader understand the development of your job and its position in this research direction. We should write the basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. We should review the necessary literature and indicate the development of the problem. Text should be concise.

(iv) paper-materials and methods according to the provisions of the actual writing of the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, write out the experimental methods, indicators, judging criteria, such as writing experimental design, grouping, statistical methods. These can be done according to the magazine's submission rules.

(v) thesis--The experimental results should be highly inductive, carefully analyzed and logically covered. Should be refine, quweicunzhen, but not because they do not conform to their own intentions and subjective choice, but also can not cheat. Only the data obtained during the unskilled or unstable period of the instrument, the data obtained in the case of technical failure or operation errors, and the data obtained when the test conditions are not met can be discarded. and must in the discovery problem at that time in the original record the reason, cannot in the summary processing because of the irregularity and arbitrarily rejects. Discard such data should be under the same conditions, the same period of experimental data are discarded, can not only discard the non-self-intended person.

The results of the collation should be closely subject, Shanfanjiujian, some data may not be suitable for this paper, can be left for it to use, not hard to piece together in a paper. The paper should use the jargon as far as possible. Can use the table do not use the diagram, you can not use the chart is best not to chart, so as to avoid more space, increase typesetting difficulties. The text, the table, the diagram do not repeat. The accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be accounted for and not discarded.

(vi) thesis--Discussion is a more important and difficult part of the paper. Should looking at the overall situation, seize the main controversial issues, from the perceptual knowledge to the rational understanding of the discourse. The results of the experiment should be analyzed and reasoned, and the experimental results should not be repeated. It is important to discuss the results and viewpoints in relevant literatures both at home and abroad, and to show that their viewpoints should not be avoided in particular. In the discussion of the thesis, we can put forward the hypothesis, put forward the development idea, but the proper sense should not be written as "sci-fi" or "imagination".

(vii) The conclusion or conclusion of the thesis should write a definite and reliable result, and write the conclusive conclusion. The text of the paper should be concise, can be written out. Don't use vague words like "summary".

(eight) paper--reference to the meaning of this is a very important part of the paper, but also has a lot of problems. The purpose of the paper's reference is to make the reader understand the context of the thesis research proposition, to find it easily, and to respect the predecessors ' work, and to have an accurate position on his job. Therefore, there are both technical problems and scientific and ethical issues.

There is almost always a need to cite references in an essay. such as the introduction of the paper should lead to the most important, the most directly related to the literature, in the method should be cited in the use or reference to the method, in the results are sometimes cited in comparison with the literature, in the discussion should be cited in the paper related to the various supporting or contradictory results or views.

All carelessness, do not search the literature, deliberately do not lead, self-ming innovation, to belittle others, to elevate themselves, cop, posturing the practice is wrong. And this phenomenon is now in a lot of papers still have to see, this should be regarded as a researcher of the great taboo. Among them, do not look up the literature, missing important documents, deliberately not cited other people's literature or intentionally derogatory other people's work and other errors are more obvious, easy to find. Some of these practices are relatively covert, such as those cited in the introduction, to be cited in the discussion. This will be the foundation or the forerunner of your thesis, and put it on an equal footing with your thesis. As the scientific research work is always gradually deep development of people, your work is always in the predecessors work on the cornerstone of development made. The correct wording should be, what someone has done to the subject in a certain year, what the result of someone has done on this basis, and now I have completed this research on their basis. This is a pragmatic attitude, so that the expression does not detract from your contribution. Some paper writers do not say so, but that one year someone did not do the topic, a year someone has done the topic is still not made, and now I made. This is not a realistic attitude. This can sometimes fool some unknown layman, but only the expert one poke, paper tiger broke, the result is self-defeating, loss of credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.

(ix) thesis- The Mentor, technical assistant, provider of special reagents or equipment, financial aid and important advice of the thesis are the objects of appreciation. The thesis should be sincere and honest, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general or thank you for not thanking the others. The approval of the person to be thanked before writing the thesis is not Lada.

(10) thesis--Abstract or summary: Summarize the full text of the thesis in about 200 words. The first Changfang of the article. Abstracts should be carefully written and attractive. To let the reader read the abstract of the paper as seen in the miniature of the paper, or read the abstract to continue to see the relevant parts of the paper. In addition, a few key words should be given, the key words should be written in the real key academic vocabulary, not hard to make general use of words.

Second, the key to writing a good paper

(i) thesis writing-Materials, opinions and writings

Material is the basis of writing a good paper, the view is the soul of the thesis, writing is the external expression of the paper. Materials and opinions are the contents of the thesis, the text is the form of the paper. form is the expression of content, content to form to express. The perfect combination of the three is the unity of content and form.

The material comes from the experiment. The design has a direct impact on the efficiency and quality of the material obtained. The whole thesis is composed of several work units, each of which is accumulated by each experimental material. So be kind to your daily experiments. Work every day to take into account the possible location of this data in future papers, to carefully collect and save each image record. The material should be true and reliable, with sufficient data. With the exception, to timely analysis and processing, to ensure that the results are credible, to eliminate the illusion. A paper should always have new phenomenon, new treatment, new effect, new viewpoint.

The viewpoint should be clear and objective dialectical. Don't, nor can you avoid different points of view. From the thesis to the conclusion, there are opinions everywhere, so the view is the soul of the paper, is through always. Discuss the point of view, do not justify, strictly avoid one-sided, subjective, arbitrary. To compare with the domestic and foreign literature views, but also with their own laboratory past views compared. Analysis of similarities and differences in the comparison, improve understanding. Don't be afraid of wrong opinions, don't be afraid to correct them. To contend with, to know the truth through contention.

The text of the paper should be natural and smooth, "Words without text, do not go far." But do not be ornate, the purpose is "Confusian". The thesis should be logical, structured, simple and true, and proper in proportion.

(ii) Essay writing-Preparation and pen

The key to writing a good paper is preparation. The person who will write the paper is usually a three-step process. Paper before writing thoughtful, global in the chest, fully hit the paper draft worked out, lift pen to, one go, write a manuscript, put a period of time, repeated reading, thoroughly tempered.

People who don't write papers are the opposite. Empty hole in the belly, the brain disorderly smelling, written thousands of pounds heavy. When they pick up their pens, they write, and they stop when they write. Write and write stop, stop and write. Suddenly son looking for material, suddenly son check data, suddenly son complement experiment. Suddenly son tore off a page, suddenly son copy on a few words. Scratching sigh, the voice of the ear, biting pen, pacing stalk. The difference between these two types of people is the difference in readiness, which is not in the minds of many people who write essays. There should be three stages in good preparation for writing a paper.

1. Essay Writing-Preparation for the recent (writing)

It means preparing for a period of time before the end of the experiment to begin writing a paper. The material should be collected, the data should be processed, the chart should be prepared and the statistical processing done. Then the paper draft worked out, list the outline of the thesis, clear the basic point of view and main conclusions. Discussions with mentors and collaborators to reach consensus. After careful deliberation, one go. Among them, "playing draft worked out" is the key stage of writing papers. All work and data should be considered at this point, and the whole world is in the chest. This is like the pre-Battle of the advance curtain cap, is the author of the most intense mental time.

2. Thesis Writing--Interim (in-time) preparation

The person who will write the paper is not after the experiment to start thinking about writing papers, but in the whole process of research work is considered to write papers. The thesis "title" and "Preface" are the condensation of various thinking in argumentation. "Materials and methods" is in the search for methods, the formation of methods, when writing a paper as long as the true narrative can be. "Experimental results" are accumulated and collated in the process of experimental design, experimental operation, stage induction and data collation. "Discussion" is the synthesis of ordinary thinking, with the people around the discussion, review and analysis of documents, and finally summed up, is the usual thinking of a number of issues focused on a number of main points in the form of discussion to express. "Conclusion" only the final result should be summed up. Therefore, the person who will write the paper, is in the whole process of doing research, and constantly formed the final paper. This whole process is the mid-term preparation of the paper. Visible, medium-term preparation to the beginning of the topic of the paper, with the end of the topic. The end of the topic, that is, the mid-term preparation of the paper.

3. Thesis Writing--Forward (hours) preparation

If you just focus on the preparation of the paper and the medium-term preparation, often can not write a good paper, it is necessary to see the author's forward preparation, that is, the basis of the study stage preparation. This preparation refers to the mastery of research dynamics, the accumulation of professional foundations and the overall level of logical thinking, text expression, analysis and other aspects of capacity. This is not what overnight can reach, but the lifelong accumulation of training. This is why we should emphasize "reading broken million Juan, write", "the fruit wants to learn poetry, Kung fu in the poem outside". These usual accumulation of kung fu, determines the author's writing level, and the level of paper writing affects the spread of the paper. This ability is not the time to raise the high, but to the author from the young when the painstaking effort.

(iii) thesis writing--Review and revision

One go write good paper manuscript, is to be repeatedly modified, thoroughly tempered. Not only oneself should be repeated temper, also should ask the relevant personnel to give advice, finally also through the editorial office to ask the relevant experts to review. When the paper is modified, the questions of writing specifications and length should be changed according to the requirements of the publication. As the author of the paper, his hard work to obtain the experimental data is of course very cherish, always hope to express in the paper as far as possible. But the paper reviewer onlooker sees most, often put forward some merger or deletion of views. At this time the author should calmly consider, should be included in the paper, do not include the inclusion. Writing paper only "Shanfanjiujian ploughing tree", in order to "lead the new" to open the "flower".

The reviewer of the paper also often comments on the views. This is a need to carefully scrutinize the decision whether to adopt the changes. After all, the author of his work has been long-term practice and thinking, gradually formed a point of view. It should be said that these views are fairly well-based. As long as it makes sense, the author can explain the opinions of the reviewers, and keep his point of view. But sometimes the author's own office is a corner, the idea is more and more. From a higher point of view, the paper reviewer sharply points out the problems in the thesis and points of view, which is also the case. At this time the author should seriously think about the essence of the opinion, adjust the thinking, repeated deliberation, decision choice. Neither opinionated nor Qu Yi caters. With the attitude of discussing the truth, communicate with each other and improve together.

Papers through peer review, some of the comments are small, a change can be published. Some of them have to be changed to be published. Some papers even believe that basic facts are unreliable or that basic ideas are wrong and cannot be published. The author should calmly analyze these opinions and deal with them properly. All should adhere to the scientific, realistic attitude. If you confirm the results and opinions are correct, then you can change the paper after the return to his magazine. At the same time it is not possible to cast a draft two. (from "China graduate student", the original: "How to write a paper report," the author Qin Buiyi academician)

• 1 paper format and paper reference format
• 2 Technical paper format and writing skills
• 3 English paper format and writing standard
• 4 Law paper format, topic selection, Outline and writing skills
• 5 format and writing method of medical papers
• 6 the selection and writing requirements of accounting papers
• 7 Three types of teaching papers and their writing methods
• 8 topic selection and writing skills of Chinese papers
• 9 topic selection and writing method of mathematics papers
• 10 writing steps and techniques for educational thesis topics
• 11 types, characteristics, formats and writing skills of sports papers
• 12 The format of historical papers and the writing of historical papers
• 13 The structure of argumentative texts and the writing skills of argumentative essays
• 14 writing requirements, process and writing skills of the thesis
• 15 Literature review format and writing skills (attached literature review)
• 16 Discussion Vin Fan Wen

Writing requirements, process and writing skills of the thesis