Linux Basics Linux Introduction

Linux (English pronunciation:/?l?n?ks/lin-?ks) is a kind of free and open source Unix-like operating system.

About Linux

Linux (English pronunciation:/?l?n?ks/lin-?ks) is a kind of free and open source Unix-like operating system. The kernel of the operating system was first released by Linus Torvalds on October 5, 1991. After adding the user-space application, it becomes the Linux operating system. Linux is also the most famous example of free software and open source software development. As long as the GNU General Public License is followed, any individual or institution is free to use all the underlying source code of Linux, and can also be freely modified and republished. Most Linux systems also include programs such as the X window that provides the GUI. In addition to some experts, most people use the Linux distribution directly, rather than selecting each component or setting it themselves.

Strictly speaking, the term Linux only represents the operating system kernel itself, but usually uses the Linux kernel to express that meaning. Linux is often used to refer to a full operating system based on the Linux kernel, including GUI components and many other utility tools. Since these user-space-enabled system tools and libraries were primarily provided by the GNU program launched by Richard Stallman in 1983, the Free Software Foundation proposed to name the combined system Gnu/linux, but Linux was not part of the GNU program, and the name was not unanimously recognized by the community.

Linux was originally a free operating system for PCs that supported the Intel x86 architecture. Currently, Linux has been ported to more computer hardware platforms, much more than any other operating system. Linux can run on servers and other large platforms, such as large hosts and supercomputers. More than 90% of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers run Linux distributions or variants, including the fastest top 10 supercomputers that run on Linux kernel-based operating systems. Linux is also widely used in embedded systems, such as mobile phones, tablets, routers (Router), televisions (TVs), and video games. The Android operating system, which is widely used on mobile devices, is created on top of the Linux kernel.

Typically, Linux is packaged as a Linux distribution for personal computers and servers, and some popular mainstream Linux releases, including Debian (and its derived versions of Ubuntu, Linux Mint), Fedora (and its associated version, red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS), and openSUSE. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel and the support kernel utilities and libraries, often with a large number of applications to meet a variety of needs. Linux distributions used by personal computers typically contain X window and a corresponding desktop environment, such as GNOME or KDE. Desktop Linux operating system commonly used applications, including Firefox web browser, libreoffice Office software, GIMP image processing tools and so on. Since Linux is free software, anyone can create a Linux distribution that matches their needs.

Linux history UNIX

Unix Operating System (English: Unix), the operating system that was completed in 1969 by Bell Labs at the US-t company. The earliest was developed by Ken Thompson (Ken Thompson), Dennis Ritchie (Dennis Ritchie), Tao Grass Mccroy (Douglas McIlroy), and Choy Oussennes in 1969 at the T-Bell Laboratory. First published in 1971, originally written in assembly language, was a common practice [source request] at the time. Later, in 1973, with an important pioneering approach, UNIX was rewritten by Dennis Ritchie in programming language C (kernel and I/O exceptions). High-level languages have better compatibility with the operating system, which makes it easier to migrate to different computer platforms.

Gnu

Selected Essays Stallman Stallman (Richard M. Stallman), founder of the GNU program.
In 1983, Selected essays Stallman Stallman created the GNU program. The plan has a goal of developing a completely free Unix-like operating system. Since the program was launched in 1984, in 1985, Selected essays Stallman Stallman launched the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GPL in 1989. In the early 1990, GNU began to generate or collect a large number of components necessary for various systems, such as libraries, compilers, debugging tools, text editors, Web servers, and a UNIX user interface (Unix shell)-but like some underlying environments such as hardware-driven, The Daemon runtime kernel (kernel) is still incomplete and stalled, and the GNU program is developing the system kernel on the Mach microkernel architecture, the so-called GNU Hurd, but the Mach-based design is unusually complex and the progress is relatively slow. Linus Torvalds once said that if the GNU kernel were to be used in 1991, he would not write one himself.

Bsd

386BSD because legal issues were not released until 1992, NetBSD and FreeBSD were descendants of 386BSD earlier than Linux. Linus Torvalds once said that if 386BSD was available, he might not have written Linux.

Minix

Minix is a lightweight, small-scale, micro-core (Micro-kernel) architecture-based UNIX-like operating system, and Andrew Stewart Tah is designed to be used in computer science for teaching purposes.

Minix and Linux

Linus Torvalds was curious about the operating system when he went to university in Helsinki in 1991. He was dissatisfied with Minix's only admission to education (at the time Minix was not allowed to be used for any commercial use), so he began to write his own operating system, which was later the Linux kernel.

Linux

In 1991, Linus Torvalds began developing the Linux kernel on Minix, and software written for Minix could also be used on the Linux kernel. Later, the GNU software was used instead of the Minix software, since the use of source code from the GNU system is free, which is beneficial for the development of Linux. Source code using the GNU GPL can be used by other projects as long as these projects are published using the same protocol. In order for Linux to be commercially available, Linus Torvalds decided to change his original agreement (which would restrict commercial use) in lieu of the GNU GPL agreement. Many developers then converged on the GNU element into Linux, making a fully functional, free operating system.
The first version of Linux was released on the Internet by the University FTP server administrator Ari Lemmke in September 1991, initially Torvalds called the kernel the name "Freax", meaning Freedom ("free") and singularity ("Freak" ), and attach the word "X" to this commonly used letter to match the so-called Unix-like system. But the FTP server administrator suspected the name of the original "Freax" is not pleasant, the kernel address to "Linux", then only 10000 lines of code, still must run on the Minix operating system, and must use the hard disk boot , then released in the second edition of October (0.02), while the Finnish university student in Helsinki posted a message on Comp.os.minix.
Hello everybody out there using Minix-i ' m doing a (free) operation system (just a hobby, won ' t is big and professional Li Ke GNU) for 386 (486) at clones.
In March 1994, the Linux1.0 edition was officially released, and Marc Ewing established Red Hat Software as one of the most famous Linux resellers.

Unix & Linux Historical origins

Earlier Linux boot manager (boot loader) uses Lilo (Linux loader), and early Lilo has some intolerable flaws, such as the inability to recognize the hard disk space after 1024 cylinders, and later grub (GRand Unified Bootloader) Overcomes these shortcomings, has the function of ' Dynamic search kernel file ', can let the user edit the boot setting system file, and load Linux through ext2 or ext3 file system. Kernel (Grub can identify almost all Linux supported file systems with different file system drivers, so many file systems can be used to format the sector of the kernel file, not limited to the Ext file system).
The logo and mascot of Linux is a penguin named Tux, the origin of which is because Linus was bitten by a penguin in a zoo in Australia and chose penguins as a sign of Linux. It is more acceptable to say that penguins represent Antarctica, and Antarctica is a land common to the world. This also means Linux is everyone's Linux.

Written in the last words

Linux represents the spirit of sharing, and in this spirit I created the Linux University Network (www.linuxdaxue.com), hoping to help friends who want to learn Linux.

Linux Basics Linux Introduction