Linux using _unix Linux

1, under Linux play Doom game problem solving method?

To correct the sound effect output, must use 2.90 version or later sound driver; it supports the instant "Doom mode", the sound effect sample is 16bit, such as using 8bit sound card, can use some programs to let the sound appear, if the Doom movement is not smooth, the sound effect cancellation (will sndserver file renamed) There will be some improvements, doom presets that do not support music (like the DOS version), and the Musserver program will increase music support under Linux, which can be found in.

2, Linux under the application is also the 2000 problem?

No, but there are 2,161 years of problems. Like other operating systems, Linux's system time is an integer, currently 32-bit. It represents the number of seconds from January 1, 1970 0:0 0 seconds from the beginning. 2^32/3600/24/365 is the approximate number of years it overflows, and this number is 136. 1970+136=2106!

3. What are the similarities and differences between Linux and DOS execution programs?

In Linux to execute a program, like DOS, type its name can be. If the program is placed in the directory specified by path, the program will be started. The difference is that Linux, unlike DOS, can execute programs placed in the current directory, unless you are already in path, and under Linux, to execute a program in your current directory, you can do this:./.

Linux can also execute several programs at the same time, and you can type several commands on the same line:

$ command1; Command2; ... ; CommandN

Linux can also elevate a thread that was originally in the background to the foreground and continue to execute, and Linux can also allow you to have multiple sessions, just as several computers are working at the same time!

The actions for the session are:

1) Switch session 1..8:

$ ... .

2 begins a new session, but does not leave the original session:

$ Su-for example: $ su-root

This is quite useful, for example, when you are going to mount a disk (machine). Because only root can do this thing.

3) End a session:

$ exit

4 executing a thread in the foreground:

$ progname [-switches] [parameters] [Output]

5 in the background to start a thread (in the background execution) to add ' & ' this symbol:

$ progname [-switches] [parameters] [Output] &

6 See how many threads are executing:

$ ps

This will list a table, each thread will have a PID to identify (a number).

7) Delete a thread:

$ kill

Sometimes you need to use this method to end some threads, and a thread may need the following methods to end it:

$ kill-15

$ kill-9

4, Linux shell on the "work" of the operation of what?

The shell is the equivalent of the DOS Command.com under Linux, which allows you to suspend the execution of a thread, or to change the foreground to the background, the background to the foreground, and the thread to be called ' work '.

1 to see how much work:

The jobs listed here are distinguished by a shell-assigned number, rather than PID.

2 suspend a foreground thread:

$ (but not always valid)

3 The procedure for suspending the foreground:

$

(ditto)

4 move a suspended program to the background to continue:

$ bg

5 to promote a background in the implementation of the program to the foreground:

$ FG

6) Again, to cut off a thread:

$ Kill%

It's probably 1, 2, 3, ... With these commands, you can format the disk at the same time, compress the file, compile a program, and unzip it, and you still see the cue number and the cursor waiting for your command.

5, how to change the Linux file mode and permissions?

Using the chmod command, it is the abbreviation for change mode. This command can easily change the mode of any file so that the person you authorize can read, modify, or execute the file. There are three basic levels of users: the file owner (user), the group of owners, and others. There are also three levels of permissions: Read, write, and execute (execute). The user type can be abbreviated as: "U" on behalf of the user, "G" means the owner of the group, "O" for all other users, "a" means anyone. and the same abbreviation for permissions is: "R" is read, "W" is written, "X" is executable. For example, to change the permissions of the file Harold.cat to allow users outside the group to read, type: chmod o+r harold.cat,chmod command allows you to change multiple files at the same time, such as removing permissions that allow anyone to write to the. cat file, and removing all permissions for users outside the group: chmod A-w,o-rx*.cat

6, Linux and DOS files commonly used instructions comparison, Linux How to compress a file?

Below is the DOS command on the left and the same function on the right side of Linux:

Copy:cp

Del:rm

Ren:mv

Type:more, less, cat

For example:

DOS Linux

C:\guido>copy joe.txt Joe.doc $ cp joe.txt Joe.doc

C:\guido>copy *.* total $ cat * > Total

C:\guido>copy fractals.doc PRN $ cat Fractals.doc | Lpr

C:\guido>del Temp $ RM Temp

C:\guido>del *.bak $ rm *~

C:\guido>ren paper.txt PAPER.ASC $ mv paper.txt PAPER.ASC

C:\guido>type Letter.txt $ more Letter.txt

C:\guido>type Letter.txt $ less Letter.txt

C:\guido>type letter.txt > nul $ cat letter.txt >/dev/null

N/A $ more *.txt *.ASC

N/A $ cat section*.txt

Linux commands. * represents all hidden files; *.* is "certain characters" + a Point + "some characters" of the file name, such as P*r can meet Peter and piper;picked and Peck can also be expressed as *c*. Linux also has another set of universal characters [], using the following methods:

[abc]* means a document that begins with A,b or C;

[i-n]* represents a file that begins with I,j,k,l,m, or N;

Linux compresses a file with compress. The compressed file name ends with a. Z and takes up less space, but it also has to do with the file type. For example, the TIFF image file can be compressed to the original 5%, the database output can be compressed to the original 25%. To compress one or more files, use compress filenames. To extract a file, use uncompress filenames or compress-d filenames, the results are exactly the same. The files you want to extract end With. z, so you don't have to add it to the command line.

7, Linux and DOS directory similarities and differences point?

DOS used \ to represent the root directory, Linux is/.;dos with \ to separate each level of directory, Linux with/. , for example: DOS: \programs\c++\sources\hello. Cpp

Linux:/home/guido/papers/geology/mid_eocene.tex

The same is, "..." Represents the previous level of a directory, "." Represents the current directory. It's worth noting that Linux does not allow you to be anywhere in CD, RD, or MD, and each user has a directory called home (which is assigned by the System Manager), such as my home is/home/guido.

Linux and DOS directory directives comparison:

Dir:ls, Find, du

CD:CD, pwd

Md:mkdir

Rd:rmdir

For example:

Doslinux

C:\guido>dir $ ls

C:\guido>dir file.txt $ ls file.txt

C:\guido>dir *.h *.c $ ls *.h *.c

c:\guido>dir/p $ ls | More

C:\guido>dir \*.tmp/s $ find/-name "*.tmp"

C:\GUIDO>CD $ pwd

N/A-note $ cd

N/A-note $ cd ~

N/A-note $ CD ~/temp

C:\GUIDO>CD \other $ cd/other

C:\guido>cd.. \temp\trash $ CD. /temp/trash

C:\GUIDO>MD Newprogs $ mkdir newprogs

C:\GUIDO>MD \progs\turbo $ mkdir/progs/turbo

C:\guido>rd newprogs$ rmdir newprogs

C:\guido>rd \progs\turbo $ rmdir/progs/turbo

(~ is an abbreviation of home, CD ~ can instantly return to their own place, no matter where you are, CD ~/tmp will take you to/home/your_home/tmp)

8, do not want to let other users see/etc directory, how to do?

chmod 770/etc makes/etc look like drwxrwx---root root/etc

9, Linux and DOS format command differences

DOS format a: In fact, the following work is done:

1 physical format of the disk;

2) Establishment of a:\ This directory (=linux in the creation of a file system);

3 Enable this disk to be used by the user (mount a drive in =linux).

These three steps are separate in Linux, you can build and use MS-DOS disks in Linux, and other formats (such as the most commonly used ext2), and the following is an available disk method:

1) first Su as root

2 format a 1.44M floppy disk (a:)

# fdformat/dev/fd0h1440

3 Establish a file system:

# mkfs-t Ext2-c/dev/fd0h1440 (Create a ext2 file system)

or # Mformat A: (Establish an MS-DOS file system)

Before using this disk, you need to first connect this disk to the drive Mount,mount a drive:

# mount-t Ext2/dev/fd0/mnt

or # mount-t Msdos/dev/fd0/mnt

Now you can use this disk, and when you want to take out the disk, be sure to umount!

# umount/mnt

Now you can take the disk out.

Fdformat and MKFS are best used only for unformatted disks and have done so that they do not need to use these two commands.

To use the B drive, replace the fd0h1440 and fd0 in the previous article with fd1h1440 and FD1. In this way, previous work on A:,b: Now all are transferred to the/mnt operation, for example:

DOS Linux

C:\guido>dir A: $ ls/mnt

C:\guido>copy a:*.* \docs\temp $ cp/mnt/*/docs/temp

C:\guido>copy *.zip A:\zip $ cp *.zip/mnt/zip

C:\guido>a: $ cd/mnt

A:\>/mnt$

Using a hard disk is similar to a floppy disk, for example, you can mount a hard drive or optical drive, and slightly change the device under/dev, such as mount an optical drive: # mount-t Iso9660/dev/cdrom/cdrom

10. How to read the floppy disk DOS system files under Linux?

There are two ways of doing this:

1 The system containing DOS files on the Linux file system, through the Mount command to achieve, Mount command syntax: Mount device mount-point device refers to the device to hang, if it is a floppy disk, is generally/dev/fd0 or/ Dev/fd1 that represents the first floppy drive or the second. Mount-point is the directory where you want the file system to hang, which must have existed before the mount and must be empty. For example, to hang the floppy disk in the system's first floppy drive to the Linux file system, you can enter the following command:

Root> Mount/dev/fd0/mnt/floppy then you can access the floppy disk by using the/mnt/floppy directory.

2) through the Mtool tools provided by Linux to achieve. These commands do not require you to mount or access a DOS file system, such commands start with M, such as Mdir,mformat,mdel and so on.

(Note: The first method is suitable for all Linux supported file systems, including other devices such as optical drives, which can be used to indicate the desired file system type.) In addition, after the optical drive mount, can not be arbitrarily removed, you must first Umount file system before you can remove the CD-ROM

11. What are Autoexec.bat and Config.sys in Linux?

DOS Autoexec.bat and Config.sys, when starting DOS, they are responsible for some of the system settings, such as setting the environment variable path, files, and so on, can even be transferred into the other must be loaded on the boot program.

There are some similar files in Linux, but they need to be very cautious when they are manipulated:

FILES NOTES

/etc/inittab don ' t touch for now!

/etc/rc.d/* ditto

If you want to set path or other environment variables, modify login information, and transfer to a program, see below:

FILES NOTES

/etc/issue sets Pre-login message Set login information

/ETC/MOTD sets Post-login message Set login information

/etc/profile sets PATH and other variables, etc. setting environment variables

/home/your_home/.profile does whatever you are free to join you in your want

If the last file (~/.profile) exists, (note that it is a hidden file and functions like a DOS Autoexec.bat), then after login, its implicit command is executed. For example, this. Profile:

# I am a comment

echo Environment:

printenv | More # is equivalent to DOS under the SET command

Alias d= ' ls-l ' # easy to understand what an alias

Alias up= ' CD ... '

echo "I remind You" the ' Path is ' $PATH

echo "Have a good Day," $LOGNAME

PATH and LOGNAME, as you would expect, are two environment variables.

Everything under Linux can be arranged according to your requirements, most programs have their own initialization settings files, which can be modified by you, they are usually in the form of a. Prognamerc in the home directory, you need to know the settings files are:

.. XINITRC: Used to initialize the X Window System;

.. FVWMRC: Initialize fvwm This window manager, can find example in/USR/LIB/X11/FVWM/SYSTEM.FVWMRC;

.. xfm/*: Xfm (a File manager) setting;

.. Xdefault: Used by RXVT (a terminal emulation program).

For other settings files, see man page.