New Shoutan Linux

Directory:

What is Linux?

the difference between Linux and UNIX

Linux vs Windows comparison

What is a Linux release?

Linux Application Areas

Selection of Linux versions

How to learn Linux?

Linux System Configuration

The difference between installation by Package Manager and source code mode installation

Linux Common commands

Packet dependency Issues

Linux Storage Systems

Source: http://www.cnblogs.com/zxlovenet/p/4056354.html

What is Linux?

Wikipedia explains:Linux is a free and open source Unix-like operating system. As long as the GNU general Public License is followed, any individual or institution is free to use All the underlying source code of Linux, and can also be freely modified and republished. Most Linux systems also include programs such as X Window , which provides a GUI interface .

The difference between Linux and Unix

The biggest difference between Linux and Unix is that the former is free software that develops source code, and the latter is the traditional commercial software that protects the source code from intellectual property. Linux is thought to originate from UNIX. The Linux core is free, the core code is open, and the core of UNIX is not public.

Linux vs Windows comparison

The popular language is that Linux is more open and suitable for programmers, because you can learn every detail of Linux.

What is a Linux release?

Strictly speaking, the termLinuxonly represents the operating system kernel itself, but typically uses theLinuxthe kernel to express that meaning. Linuxis often used to refer toLinuxthe full operating system of the kernel, includingGUIcomponents and many other utilities. Some organizations, companies and individuals publish these integrations, more well-knownLinuxThe release version hasUbuntu,RedHat,CentOS,Suseand so on.

linux The release includes: linux kernel, some libraries and tools, command line Span style= "Font-family:times New Roman;" >shell x Span style= "font-family: the song Body;" > window system and corresponding desktop environment, such as kde or gnome and contains thousands of kinds of office packages, compilers, Text editor, mini games, child education software, application software to scientific tools.

Many Linux distributions are dazzling, and beginners recommend using Ubuntu, a good start, and a more stable version of Debianrecommended.

Linux Branch Map

Linux Application Areas

In general, Linux is widely used in the field, not suitable for ordinary users, because Linux in the desktop domain does not do well, more still need to operate under the terminal. But in recent years there have been improvements, I think it is more beautiful than Windows , but the stability and ease of use is not as good as Windows, the desktop environment is actually going to improve. There will be a lot of cool desktop effects under Ubuntu.

The Linux platform works in the high-end server domain. Because the Linux kernel has stability, open source code and so on, the user does not have to pay a large amount of use, such as Windows, so Linux has been a lot of world-renowned server manufacturers support. Companies in the Linux distribution suite, like Redhat, charge for services, you can buy the technical support they provide, or use the CentOS operating system for free. However, the domestic operating system environment we all know. Currently, the most common server operating systems are UNIX, Linux, and Windows. According to the survey, the Linux operating system in the server market share has more than 50%.

In the embedded domain, the Linux kernel can be customized and cropped according to the specific application scenario, and can provide drivers for the dedicated hardware and develop on this basis.

Selection of Linux versions

Novice Best from Ubuntu start, is also the choice of most users, the interface is done very well, the variety of software, installation is also convenient. The pursuit of stability, the proposed use of Debian, you need to configure the adjustment system settings, install or update their own needs of the program, for basic understanding of the Linux system operation has a great help. You can also choose Fedora, the Personal desktop branch of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, which has many of the most advanced Linux technologies, and Debian, Ubuntu is not a branch. If you want to learn more about Linux system details and have a deeper understanding of the choice of Arch Linux, a zero-based project that needs to be studied in the process of installation, by configuring the system settings, optimizing the configuration of the system's performance, to gain a deeper understanding of the Linux system.

How to learn Linux?

This question is not difficult to answer, but many people have not insisted on it. First you confirm that you really want to learn and it is necessary to learn Linux, so good, if you have not used Linux at all, then you can install a Linux distribution in the virtual machine, here is recommended Ubuntu, do not think that Ubuntu is not authentic, from here is not wrong. Then find a basic Linux tutorial, like * * * from the beginner to proficient, 30 days to learn the Linux system ... This kind of books, adhere to see, do not stop, learn the back of the forgotten the front also has no relationship, as long as you have met a problem remember you have learned but forget this effect can be, and then on the physical machine installed on your Ubuntu, for a book to learn, then to more practice, Do not want to focus on the installation of the system, but to find ways to solve it, so as to improve their own. Also remember to take notes, this is not much to say, recommended for notes, because there are Linux, Windows and Web versions. Remember to use more, don't notwith two days. These are enough, can let you get started, as for the results after the introduction to see what you need, is basically the development or operation of the bar, or I will not think of Linux, right, and then there is to show off, but I think this really does not mean anything, it seems you force lattice is very high, the bubble will eventually break.

Linux System Configuration

Yum and Apt-get sources:

Yum is a software Installation Manager based on RPM packages, typically used in Redhat, Fedora, CentOS, SuSE, and other distribution Linux. The ability to automatically download RPM packages from the specified server and install them, and to automatically handle dependencies. can easily add, delete, update the package, while configuring multiple software repositories, configuration files in/etc/yum.conf.

CentOS 163 Software Source:

Backup/etc/yum.repos.d/centos-base.repo First

Mv/etc/yum.repos.d/centos-base.repo/etc/yum.repos.d/centos-base.repo.backup

Download the corresponding version of the repo file, put in the/etc/yum.repos.d/(please do the appropriate backup before the operation)

CentOS5 Http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS5-Base-163.repo

CentOS6 Http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo

Run

Yum Clean All

Yum Makecache

Generate cache

Http://mirrors.163.com/.help/centos.html

Apt-get is a Linux command for the Deb package managed operating system that is used to automatically search, install, upgrade, uninstall software, or the operating system from the Internet's software warehouse. Is the Debian, Ubuntu Release package management tool, similar to the Yum tool.

Debian 7 163 Source

Deb Http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy main Non-free contrib

Deb Http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib Non-free

DEB-SRC Http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy main Non-free contrib

DEB-SRC Http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy-proposed-updates Main contrib Non-free

Deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security wheezy/updates main contrib Non-free

DEB-SRC http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security wheezy/updates Main contrib Non-free

Kali Hkust Software Source

Vim/etc/apt/sources.list

The following sticky posts go in.

Deb Http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali Kali main Non-free contrib

Deb-src Http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali Kali main Non-free contrib

Deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali-security kali/updates main contrib Non-free

And then

Apt-get update is available.

The difference between installation by Package Manager and source code mode installation

Package Manager installed words convenient, fast, can be easily used, the source code words need to be compiled manually, you will encounter a lot of problems, such as packet dependency problem.

Package Manager installed software version is older, compilation parameters are not suitable for their business, and source installation is relatively flexible, you can specify version, module, path and so on.

If it is novice or recommended to install through the Package Manager, can quickly get started, only need to understand the relevant management commands. If the development of the introduction of learning is also appropriate, if the development of relatively high-level words may require the source code method installed.

The ultimate goal is to choose a good solution.

Linux Common commands

Man: Any time you think you're not sure about a command line, you can find out exactly what this command can do by entering "man + command".

LS: Lists the contents of the directory.

PWD: Displays the full path of the current working directory in the terminal.

CD: To change the directory where you are currently located.

mkdir: Create a new directory.

CP: Copy File/rename file.

MV: Move files.

Find and locate: Search for files.

Kill: Quickly close a process.

passwd: Change Password. -9 means the forced process stops immediately

md5sum: Calculating and verifying MD5 information signatures

Historical: Query history command.

sudo: (super User do) command allows authorized users to execute commands from Superuser or other users.

Touch: Create a new file, or update the file's access and modification times to the current time.

chmod: Modify access permissions for the file.

Chown: Change the file owner and the user group.

APT:APT is an advanced Package manager for the Debian series system (Ubuntu,kubuntu, etc.) that automatically and intelligently searches, installs, upgrades, and resolves dependencies for packages on gnu/linux systems.

Find: Locate file or folder command: Find/-name filename

Chkconfig:chkconfig--list | grep VSFTPD shows the default level at which to start

Chkconfig vsftpd on

Chkconfig--list | grep vsftpd

Ps-aux | grep Fiefox Show All process status-EF view process information

NETSTAT-TP #查看网络连接命令

Service--status-all #查看系统服务状态

Let's summarize so much for now.

Packet dependency Issues

Whether you're new to Linux or a veteran, you'll encounter package dependencies more or less in the process of installing and compiling packages. Dependency problems are due to the program-dependent code sharing library, no shared libraries, every time a programmer develops new programs, they have to rewrite these basic system operations from scratch. When the program is compiled, the programmer links His code to these libraries. If the link is static, the compiled shared library object code is added to the program execution file, and if it is dynamic, the compiled shared library object code is loaded by the programmer only when it is needed at run time. A dynamic executable file relies on the correct shared library or shared object to operate on. RPM dependency attempts to enforce shared object requirements for dynamic executables at installation time so that there will be no problems with the dynamic linking process later when the program runs.

That is, during installation through the Package Manager, the dependency problem is automatically resolved and the dependent program is installed at the same time as the installer. If the source is installed, you need to solve the dependency problem yourself.

Linux Storage Systems

Common Files and directory files in Linux are stored on disks or tapes called block physical devices. A set of Linux systems supports several physical disks, each of which can define one or more file systems. Linux's file system is mainly Ext4, ext3 and Windows FAT32, NTFS is not the same.

Linux and Unix-like operating systems manage everything in the system as files. In Windows, our common hardware devices, disk partitions, etc., in Linux, Unix are considered as files, the device, partition access is to read and write the corresponding files.

The mount point is actually the entry directory for the disk file system in Linux, similar to the C:, D:, E:, and so on, that are used to access different partitions in Windows. In fact, WinXP also support a disk partition under a folder, just we C:, D: Such a disk Fu Cao function, generally do not hang the partition to the folder. Mount point

In the Windows operating system, the physical address is separated before the directory is established on the partition. In the Windows operating system, all paths start with a drive letter, such as C://program file.

Linux, in contrast, is preceded by a directory, which then maps the physical address to the directory. In the Linux operating system, all paths are started from the root directory. Linux defaults to 3 partitions, namely boot partition, swap partition, and root partition.

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