Shell Special variables: Shell $, $#, $*, $@, $, $$, and command-line arguments

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As already mentioned, variable names can only contain numbers, letters, and underscores, because some variables that contain other characters have special meanings, and such variables are called special variables.

For example, $ represents the ID of the current shell process, the PID, as shown in the following code:

1. $echo $$

Run results

29949

List of special variables

variables	meaning
$	File name of the current script
$n	Arguments passed to the script or function. N is a number that represents the first few parameters. For example, the first parameter is $ $, and the second argument is $ A.
$#	The number of arguments passed to the script or function.
$*	All parameters passed to the script or function.
[Email protected]	All parameters passed to the script or function. When enclosed by double quotation marks (""), it is slightly different from $*, as will be mentioned below.
$?	The exit state of the last command, or the return value of the function.
$$	The current shell process ID. For Shell scripts, this is the process ID where the scripts are located.

Command-line arguments

The arguments passed to the script when the script is run are called command-line arguments. Command-line arguments are represented by a $n, for example, $ = for the first argument, and $ for the second argument, and so on.

Take a look at the following script:

1. #!/bin/bash
3. echo "File Name: $"
4. Echo "First Parameter: $ $"
5. Echo "First Parameter: $"
6. echo "Quoted Values: [email protected]"
7. echo "Quoted Values: $*"
8. echo "Total number of Parameters: $#"

Operation Result:

$./test.sh Zara alifile Name:./test.shfirst parameter:zarasecond parameter:aliquoted Values:zara AliQuoted Values: Zara alitotal Number of Parameters:2

The difference between $* and [email protected]

$* and [email protected] All represent all parameters passed to a function or script, and are not enclosed by double quotation marks (""), with "$" and "$" ... All parameters are output in the form "$n".

But when they are enclosed in double quotation marks (""), "$*" takes all the parameters as a whole and outputs all parameters in the form of "$ $ ... $n"; "[email protected]" separates the various parameters to "$" "$" ... All parameters are output in the form "$n".

The following example can clearly see the difference between $* and [email protected]:

2. #!/bin/bash
4. echo "\$*=" $*
6. echo "\" \$*\ "=" "$* "
10. echo "\$@=" [email protected]
12. echo "\" \$@\ "=" [email protected] "
16. echo "Print each param from \$*"
18. For Var in $*
20. Do
22. echo "$var"
24. Done
28. echo "Print each param from \$@"
30. For Var in [email protected]
32. Do
34. echo "$var"
36. Done
40. echo "Print each param from \" \$*\ ""
42. For Var in "$*"
44. Do
46. echo "$var"
48. Done
52. echo "Print each param from \" \$@\ ""
54. For Var in "[email protected]"
56. Do
58. echo "$var"
60. Done

Execute./test.sh "a" "B" "C" "D" and see the following result:

$*=  a b c d "$*" = a b c d[email protected]=  a b c d "[email protected]" = a b c dprint each param from $*abcdprint Each param from [email protected]abcdprint to param from ' $* ' a b c dprint each param from ' [email protected] ' ABCD

Exit status

$? You can get the exit status of the previous command. The so-called exit status is the return result after the last command was executed.

Exit status is a number, in general, most of the command execution succeeds returns 0, and the failure returns 1.

However, there are some commands that return other values that represent different types of errors.

In the following example, the command executes successfully:

$./test.sh Zara alifile Name:./test.shfirst parameter:zarasecond parameter:aliquoted Values:zara AliQuoted Values: Zara alitotal number of Parameters:2$echo $?0$

$? You can also indicate the return value of the function, which will be explained later.

Shell Special variables: Shell $, $#, $*, [email protected], $?, $$ and command line arguments