Sh. Into

Introduced:
1 Opening
The program must start with the following line (must be in the first line of the file):
#!/bin/sh
The symbol #! is used to tell the system that the parameter behind it is the program used to execute the file. In this example we use/BIN/SH to execute the program.
When writing a script, you must also make it executable if you want to execute the script.
To make the scripting executable:
Compile chmod +x filename so you can use./filename to run
2 Notes
In shell programming, a sentence that begins with # represents a comment until the end of the line. We sincerely recommend that you use annotations in your programs.
If you use annotations, you can understand the script's function and how it works in a very short time, even if you haven't used the script for quite a long period of time.
3 variables
In other programming languages, you must use variables. In shell programming, all variables are made up of strings, and you do not need to declare the variables. To assign a value to a variable, you can write:
#!/bin/sh
#对变量赋值:
A= "Hello World"
# now print the contents of variable a:
echo "A is:"
Echo $a
Sometimes variable names are easily confused with other words, such as:
num=2
echo "The $numnd"
This does not print out "This is the 2nd" and simply prints "This is the" because the shell will go to search for the value of the variable numnd, but this variable has no value. You can use curly braces to tell the shell that we're printing num variables:
num=2
echo "This is the ${num}nd"
This will print: This is the 2nd
4 Environment variables
Variables processed by the EXPORT keyword are called environment variables. We do not discuss environment variables, because environment variables are typically used only in logon scripts.
5 shell command and Process Control
There are three types of commands that can be used in shell scripts:
1) Unix command:
Although you can use any Unix command in a shell script, there are some relatively common commands. These commands are usually used for file and text operations.
Common command syntax and functions
echo "Some text": Print text content on the screen
LS: File list
Wc–l filewc-w filewc-c File: Count the number of words in the file count the number of characters in the file
CP sourcefile destfile: File copy
MV oldname newname: Renaming files or moving files
RM file: Deleting files
grep ' pattern ' file: Search for strings within a file such as: grep ' searchstring ' file.txt
Cut-b colnum File: Specifies the range of files to display and outputs them to a standard output device such as: output 5th to 9th characters per line cut-b5-9 file.txt never be confused with cat commands,
This is two completely different commands.
Cat file.txt: Output file contents to standard output device (screen)
File somefile: Get the files type
Read Var: Prompts the user for input and assigns the input to the variable
Sort file.txt: Sorting rows in a file.txt file
Uniq: Delete columns that appear in a text file such as: sort File.txt | Uniq
Expr: Perform mathematical operations Example:add 2 and 3expr 2 "+" 3
Find: Search for files like: Search for Find by file name. -name Filename-print
Tee: Output data to standard output devices (screens) and files such as: Somecommand | Tee outfile
basename file: Returns a file name that does not contain a path such as: Basename/bin/tux will return Tux
DirName file: Returns the path of the files such as: Dirname/bin/tux will return/bin
Head file: Print text file at the beginning of a few lines
Tail File: Print text file at the end of a few lines
Sed:sed is a basic find-and-replace program. You can read text from standard input, such as a command pipeline, and
The result is output to standard output (screen). the command is searched using a regular expression (see Reference). Do not confuse with wildcard characters in the shell. For example: Replace Linuxfocus with Linuxfocus:cat text.file | Sed ' s/linuxfocus/linuxfocus/' >newtext.fileawk:awk is used to extract fields from a text file. By default, the field separator is a space, and you can use-f to specify additional delimiters.
Catfile.txt | Awk-f, ' {print $ ', ' $ i} ' here we use, as field separators, while printing the first and third fields. If the contents of the file are as follows: Adam Bor, Indiakerrymiller, the USA command output is: Adam Bor, Indiakerry Miller, USA
2) Concepts: piping, redirection and Backtick
These are not system commands, but they are really important.
Pipe (|) The output of one command as input to another command.
grep "Hello" file.txt | Wc-l
Searches for a row containing "Hello" in File.txt and calculates its number of rows.
Here the output of the grep command is used as input to the WC command. Of course you can use multiple commands.
Redirect: Outputs the result of the command to a file instead of the standard output (screen).
> Write files and overwrite old files
>> add to the end of the file, preserving the contents of the old file.
Anti-Short Slash
Use a backslash to make the output of one command a command-line argument for another command.
Command:
Find. -mtime-1-type F-print
Used to find files that have been modified in the last 24 hours (-mtime–2 represents the last 48 hours). If you want to hit a package with all the files you find, you can use the following Linux script:
#!/bin/sh
# The Ticks is Backticks (') not normal quotes ('):
TAR-ZCVF lastmod.tar.gz ' Find. -mtime-1-type F-print '
3) Process Control
1.if
The "If" expression executes the following part if the condition is true:
If ....; Then
....
Elif ...; Then
....
Else
....
Fi
In most cases, you can use test commands to test the condition. For example, you can compare strings, determine whether the file exists and whether it is readable, etc...
The condition test is usually represented by "[]". Note that the space here is important. The space to ensure the square brackets.
[-F "somefile"]: Determine if it is a file
[-X "/bin/ls"]: Determine if/bin/ls exists and has executable permissions
[-N ' $var]: Determine if the $var variable has a value
["$a" = "$b"]: Determine if $ A and $b are equal
Execute man test to see the types that all test expressions can compare and judge.
Execute the following script directly:
#!/bin/sh
If ["$SHELL" = "/bin/bash"]; Then
echo "Your login shell is the bash (Bourne again shell)"
Else
echo "Your login shell isn't bash but $SHELL"
Fi
The variable $shell contains the name of the login shell, which we compared with/bin/bash.
Shortcut operator
A friend familiar with C might like the following expression:
[-F "/etc/shadow"] && echo "This computer uses Shadow Passwors"
Here && is a shortcut operator that executes the statement on the right if the expression on the left is true.
You can also think of it as an operation in a logical operation. The above example prints "This computer uses Shadow Passwors" if the/etc/shadow file exists. Same OR operation (| |) is also available in Shell programming. Here's an example:
#!/bin/sh
Mailfolder=/var/spool/mail/james
[-R "$mailfolder"] "{echo" Can not read $mailfolder "; exit 1;}
echo "$mailfolder have mail from:"
grep "^from" $mailfolder
The script first determines whether the mailfolder is readable. Prints the "from" line in the file if it is readable. If unreadable or the operation takes effect, the script exits after the error message is printed. Here's the problem: we have to have two commands.
Print error message
Exit program
We use curly braces to put two commands together as a command in the form of an anonymous function. The general functions are mentioned below.
Without the and and or operators, we can do anything with an if expression, but using and or operators is much more convenient.

Sh. Into