Four-axis flight DIY full set of introductory tutorials (starting from the basics)

Reprint: http://www.cnmox.com/thread-12460-1-1.html
First of all, I am also a rookie, this tutorial is from a rookie angle to explain, and now the Forum on the post all suddenly take a lot of nouns come out, and not system, I began to learn the time often confused, I believe many novice also the same. So in this post, I will explain the doubts I encountered.

Overview
1, DIY four-axis need to prepare what parts
Brushless Motor (4)
Electronic governor (ESC, 4, common with good surplus, Zentwey, new West and other brands)
Propeller (4, requires 2 positive pulp, 2 anti-pulp)
Flight Control Board (common with KK, FF, Rabbit and other brands)
Battery (11.1v RC battery)
Remote control (minimum four-channel remote control)
Rack (not required)
Charger (try to choose the balance charger)

2, the four-axis parts between the wiring and simple explanation

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4 ESC of the positive and negative poles need to be connected in parallel (red together, black even 11), and receive the battery of the positive and negative pole;
ESC 3 Black Motor control line, connect the motor;
The ESC has a BEC output for outputting 5v voltage, powering the flight Control Board, and receiving control signals from the flight control Board;
The remote control receiver is connected to the flight controller, outputting the remote control signal and getting 5v power from the flight board.

"Fundamentals and Noun interpretation"
1, REMOTE control chapter
What is a channel?
Channel is the remote control of the operation of the way, such as the remote control only four-axis fly up and down, then is a channel. But the four axes in the control process need to control the action of the way: up and down, around, back and forth, rotation
So the minimum 4 channel remote control. If you want to play aerial shots later, you need more remote control of the channel.

What is Japanese hand, American hand?
The position of the throttle on the remote control on the right is the Japanese hand, on the left is the American hand, the so-called remote throttle, in the four-axis aircraft control the power supply current size, large current, motor turn fast, fly high, strong. Vice versa. Judging the throttle of the remote control is very simple, the remote Control 2 rocker, the upper and lower plate after the move does not automatically return to the middle of the throttle stick.

2. Flight Control Board
The general abbreviation for flight control is this thing.
What is the purpose of flight control?
If there is no flight control board, the four-axis aircraft will be installed, external interference, the inconsistency between the parts and other reasons to form a flight power imbalance, the consequences are left and right, the random tumbling up and down, can not fly, the role of the flight Control Board is through the flight Control Board gyro, the four-axis flight status of the rapid adjustment Do not want to use human flesh to complete), such as the discovery of the right power, tilt to the left, then weaken the right current output, the motor slows down, the lift becomes smaller, nature will no longer tilt to the left.

What is x mode and + mode?
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Buy flight control when the boss have to ask this question, brush buy what mode, the above is the difference.
x mode is difficult to fly a little, but the movement is more flexible. + mode is better to fly a little, the movement is almost flexible, so suitable for beginners.
Special Note that the X mode and the + mode of the autopilot installation are different (I only have the KK flight Control Board, so can only speak KK flight control).
If the flight control Board is installed incorrectly, it will shake violently and cannot fly at all.


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Choose what flight control is good?
Personal opinion Beginners first to a KK flight control bar, the cheapest, taste a fresh enough.

ESC Chapter
Why do I need ESC?
The function of the ESC is to change the control signal of the flight Control Board to the current size to control the speed of the motor.
Because the electric current of the motor is very large, usually each motor normal operation, the average of about 3a of current, if there is no ESC, the flight control board can not withstand such a large current (also does not drive the function of brushless motor).
At the same time, the ESC also acts as a voltage regulator in the four axes, turning the 11.1v voltage into 5v to power the flight control Board and the remote control.

How much ESC do you buy?
The ESC will mark how many a, such as 20a,40a, is the current that the ESC can provide. A large current ESC can be used in a small current location. Small current ESC can not be exceeded.
According to my simple test, the common new West reaches 2212 plus 1045 pulp maximum motor current may reach 5a, in order to be safe, it is recommended that this configuration with 30a or 40a ESC (everyone with 20a ESC also more), said buy bigger, later can also use to other places.

What does the four-axis dedicated ESC mean?
Because of the four-axis flight requirements, the ESC responds quickly, while the ESC has a fast response and a slow response difference, so the four-axis requires a fast response to the ESC.
In fact, most common ESC is programmable and can be programmed to set the response speed. So there's really nothing special about that.

What does ESC program mean?
First of all to explain that the ESC is a lot of functional mode, choose this function is the ESC programming.
The programmatic way can directly connect the ESC to the remote control receiver's throttle output channel (usually 3 channels), according to the instructions, on the remote control by moving the lever to set, this method is more troublesome, but save. In addition, the manufacturer's programming card can be set (need to purchase separately), the method is simple, no need to connect the remote control.
For insurance, be sure to set the purchase of ESC consistent, otherwise easy to control. such as: ESC start mode is not the same, then some are turned quickly, some are very slow, this is a problem.
Note: Set the ESC via the remote control, be sure to connect the motor, because the description of the "Drip" class sound, is sent through the motor. I started because I did not pick up the motor, but also wondered how no sound, thought bad.

Brushless motor and propeller article
Motor is divided into brush motor and brushless motor, do not buy wrong, brushless is the mainstream of the four axes. It has great strength and durability.
What is the model meaning of the motor?
Often see what people say 2212 motor, 2018 motor and so on, what is the meaning of it? This is actually the size of the motor.
No matter what brand of motor, specifically to correspond to 4 digits of such numbers, wherein the front 2 is the diameter of the motor rotor, the rear 2 is the height of the motor rotor. Look, it's not a shell.
Simply put, the larger the front 2, the more fat the motor, the larger the rear 2 bit, the higher the motor.  High and large motor, power is greater, suitable for bigger four-axis. Usually the 2212 motor is the most common configuration.
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What is the motor kv value?
Each brushless motor will be the standard number of KV value, this kv is an additional 1v voltage corresponding to the idling speed per minute, for example: 1000kv motor, plus 1v voltage, the motor idling 1000 rpm, plus 2v voltage, motor idling 2000 rpm.

What does the propeller model mean?
Similar to the motor, the paddle also has what 1045,7040 these 4 digits, the front 2 bits represent the diameter of the paddle (in inches 1 inches = 254 mm) and the rear 2 bits are the angle of the oar.

What are pros and cons and why do you need it?
Four-axis flight in order to offset the propeller spin, the distance between the propeller rotation direction is not the same, so the need for a positive and negative propeller. The wind of the pros and cons are blowing down. Suitable for clockwise rotation is called positive paste, suitable for counter-clockwise rotation is the reverse pulp. When installing, be sure to remember whether the front and back oars, the word side is upward (the round side of the blade and the motor rotation direction consistent).

The combination of motor and propeller
This is a very complex problem, I am also in the study, so it is recommended to use common configuration, but the principle here can be elaborated.
The larger the propeller, the greater the lift, but the corresponding need for greater force to drive;
The higher the propeller speed, the greater the lift;
The smaller the motor's kv, the greater the rotational power;
In summary, the big propeller needs low KV motor, the small propeller needs high KV motor (because of the need to use rotational speed to compensate for the lack of lift)
If high kv with large oars, power is not enough, then it is very difficult, the actual or vulgar operation, motor and ESC is easy to burn off.
If low kv with small oars, there is no problem, but the lift is not enough, may cause the takeoff.
For example: Commonly used 1000kv motor, with 10 inch or so of oars.

Battery and Charger Chapter
Why Choose Lithium batteries?
The same battery capacity of lithium is the lightest, take off the highest efficiency.

What does it mean when the battery is mah?
Indicates the battery capacity, such as a 1000mah battery, if discharged at 1000ma, can be discharged for 1 hours. If the discharge is 500mh, it can be discharged continuously for 2 hours.

What does the 2s,3s,4s behind the battery mean?
On behalf of the number of lithium batteries, lithium battery 1 section standard voltage of 3.7v, then 2s battery, is representative of 2 3.7v battery in the inside, the voltage is 7.4v.

What does the C behind the battery mean?
Represents battery discharge capacity, which is the most important difference between ordinary lithium battery and power lithium battery, the power lithium battery needs a large current discharge, the discharge capacity is C to express. If the 1000mah battery standard is 5c, then use 5x1000mah, that the battery can be 5000mh of current intensity discharge.
This is important, if the battery with low C, high current discharge, the battery will quickly damage, or even spontaneous combustion.

How much c is fast charge what does it mean?
This is the same as the above C, just to turn the discharge into a charge, such as a 1000mah battery, 2c fast charge, it means that can be used to charge 2000ma of electricity. So do not take the picture quickly run with a large current, more than the prescribed parameters to charge, the battery is easily damaged.

How do I get a battery?
This is related to the choice of motor, propeller, desired flight time.
The larger the capacity, the higher the C, the more the S, the heavier the battery;
The basic principle is to use big oars, because the overall collocation down power high, its own lift large, in order to ensure the playable time, optional high capacity, high c,3s batteries. Minimum recommended 1500mah,20c,3s.
Small four-axis, because of their own lift is limited, the overall power is not high, you can consider small capacity, small c,3s below the battery. (No play, no advice)

Balance charge what does that mean?
such as 3s battery, the internal is 3 lithium batteries, because of the manufacturing process reasons, there is no way to ensure that each battery exactly the same, the charge discharge characteristics are different, in the case of battery in series, it is easy as usual some discharge over or overcharge, charging is not full, etc., so the solution is to separate the internal single-cell charging. Power Lithium batteries have 2 groups of lines, 1 groups are the output line (2), 1 group is a single-node lithium lead line (with the number of s), charging in accordance with the instructions, are plugged into the charger, you can balance the charge.

Rack Articles
Is there a requirement for the shaft length of the frame?
Theoretically, as long as 4 propellers do not fight on it, but to consider that the propeller between the rotation caused by the turbulence of the interaction, the proposal or not too close, otherwise affect efficiency. This is one of the reasons why the four-axis 2-blade propeller is more than the 3-blade propeller (3 leaves have a disadvantage, the balance is not good to do)

"Practical Commissioning"
After the four-axis installation is necessary to do some preparatory work, here with my use of KK flight control as an example
KK Flight Control connection
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Flight Control unlock
The autopilot is not ready to take off immediately, this is the safety design, so need to unlock. (Flight control set a little, a lot of raiders)
Power on, the light on the flight control board is not bright, only the ESC emits the drip sound, will throttle hit to the lowest (attention throttle direction, need to realize is set up for the lowest, or down to the lowest), and then the rudder to the right plate in the end, the flight control board light will be bright, ESC will not continue to sound, indicating ready to take off

Installation of propeller
Commissioning completed, the final installation of the propeller, after installation, the first thing is the best, light refueling door, to see if the wind is blowing down, the rotation of the motor is positive and reverse interval. If the sharp jitter, and the lift is very small, it should be the reverse paste is not installed.  Swap it for a second.  If the direction of rotation is not the interval, it is necessary to connect the electrical and motor connection lines 1 and 3, exchange for rotation direction correction. Order for, first direction, rear propeller.

Notice the battery is over-placed
ESC is able to set the battery low-voltage protection, but try not to wait for the ESC protection when charging, which can prolong the service life.

How do I know I can take off normally?
Everything is ready, how to know can test flight, I personally suggest in order to avoid rush horse, second-bombing. It is better to test the flight first, but be careful of the distance from the body.
Power on the specialty, refueling door, if everything is normal, four-axis is not a large shaking, but relatively smooth. can also deliberately sway around, will feel the four-axis balance of the anti-force, as long as this effect, will basically reach the conditions of the test flight. KK Flight control I reset several times, as long as there is no accident, is basically able to succeed.
The test site recommended the lawn, such a non-throwing bad.

I feel that beginners most likely to make the mistake is to see a fly high, nervous on the accelerator, so it will fall vertically, must have psychological preparation, as long as not hurt people, in a relatively high situation, or slow down the throttle is better.
Last show I do the first four-axis, is not perfect, poor workmanship.


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Four-axis flight DIY full set of introductory tutorials (starting from the basics)