Document directory
- 1. General Introduction
- TIPS:
I. FAQs
1. What does x86 computers mean?
Personal computers are referred to as X86 architecture computers because intel first developed 8086 CPU architecture and later; therefore, they are collectively referred to as X86 architecture;
2. Why is the 465 GB hard drive actually only GB?
Because we calculate in a binary system, that is, 500g = 500*1024*1024*1024 B, and 1024 of them calculate in 1000, therefore, it is 500*1000*1000*1000/(1024*1024*1024) = 465g;
Ii. Computer Classification
Computers can be divided:
(1)
Supercomputer(Super computer): the fastest computer used for simulation. For example, the simulation in the defense military field needs to be placed in the air-conditioned room;
"Sugon 5000a" at Shanghai Supercomputer Center ":
- Memory: 95 TB;
- Hard Disk: 500 TB;
- CPU: AMD 8bit he 64bit 4-core low power 1.9 GHz;
(2)
Large Computer(Mainframe computer): it processes a large amount of data and complex operations. It is used to process a large amount of data on the stock exchange and needs to be placed in an air-conditioner Room;
IBM zenterprise 114:
- Memory: 120 GB;
- CPU: 3.8 GHz;
(3)
Mini computer(Minicomputer): used for scientific research and does not need to be placed in an air-conditioning room;
HP 9000 rp3440-4:
- Memory: 24 GB;
- CPU: 1 GHz;
(4)
Workstation(Workstation): cost-effective, used for academic research, the pursuit of stability;
Lenovo thinkstation E30:
- Memory: 16 GB;
- CPU: 3.2 GHz;
- Hard Disk: 500 GB;
(5)
Microcomputer(Microcomputer): personal computer;
Iii. Computer Composition1. Introduce the three major components of the Computer: input/output units, CPU, and memory;
CPU
Memory
Hard Disk
Graphics card
NicThe most important part of a computer host is the motherboard, because the CPU, video card, memory, Nic, and sound card are all inserted on the motherboard (of course, if the motherboard is already integrated with the graphics card, sound card, and nic, you do not need to plug in these devices ). There are also CMOS and bios on the motherboard; CMOS chip: Responsible for storing hardware configuration parameters, such as whether the NIC is enabled or not; BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a software, but it is installed on the motherboard, press the [delete] key at startup to access the system. The system reads and writes hardware parameters. Generally, the CPU is based on a fan because there are many CPU tasks and the heat is high. beiqiao: responsible for communication between devices with fast memory, CPU, and video card speed; nanqiao: responsible for communication between hard disks, USB, and other devices with low speed; tips:
Graphics card(Also known as VGA, video graphics array): The general specification is PCI/AGP/PCI-express; the graphics card needs to have the graphics card memory, which determines the size of the resolution; GPU: embedded in a video card, used to process a 3D acceleration chip. Iv. CPU Introduction
1. CPU Functions
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) has two major components: (1) arithmetic logic unit (2 control unit); arithmetic logic unit (2) is responsible for the operation function, and the Control Unit is responsible for coordinating the work of each unit; the CPU can only read data from the memory, and the computed data can only be stored in the memory. However, the data transmission between the CPU and memory is not fast because it needs to go through the North Bridge, therefore, a cache (SRAM) exists in the CPU, and some common data is put in the cache;
2. CPU commandsThe CPU is a chip that contains instruction sets. 20% of instructions are used to complete 80% of the functions. The CPU can be divided:
(1) Balanced CED Instruction Set Computer: Each instruction is short and the length is the same, and the instruction set is small;
Sun's world-class machine (iSCSI): used for large workstations; arm: used for mobile phones; IBM PowerPC;
(2) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): multiple and complex commands with different command lengths;
X86 pcs of Intel and AMD;
There are core instruction sets and extended instruction sets in the CPU, and the core instruction sets are not much different. The purpose of extended instruction sets is to improve the performance of the CPU in some aspects, such as MMX can improve the performance of multimedia processing; the Extended Instruction Set of CPU determines the functions that the CPU can execute, for example: (1) multimedia micro Instruction Set: MMX, SSE, sse2, sse3, sse4, AMD-3DNow !; (2) Virtual Micro Instruction Set: Intel-VT, AMD-SVM; (3) power-saving micro Instruction Set: Intel-speedstep, amd-powernow !; (4) 64/32-bit compatible technology: Intel-EM64T;
CPU-ZThis software shows the instruction sets currently supported by the CPU. For example, we can see MMX and SSE: Improve the Performance of multimedia processing; em64t (extended memory 64 technology ): intel's 64-bit instruction set, compatible with 64-bit, indicates that the computer can install a 64-bit operating system; VT-X: Improves virtualization efficiency and stability;
3. External frequency, frequency, and frequency doublingThe external frequency refers to the data transmission speed between the CPU and external devices, the clock speed refers to the number of times the CPU is working in one second, the frequency is the internal acceleration factor of the CPU, and the frequency = External frequency * Frequency Doubling; the CPU frequency does not determine the performance, that is, the higher the CPU frequency, the better the performance. Some people think that the performance can be improved by increasing the clock speed. In fact, it is not, if the CPU frequency is too fast and does not work with other devices, it will lead to a crash. Intel's CPU has basically locked the frequency doubling and external frequency settings, while amd can still adjust the external frequency, set in BIOS; however, do not tune it. For example, if the original external frequency is 100 m and the frequency is 6, the frequency is 600 m. If the external frequency is 200 m, the clock speed is 1200 m. Imagine that the computer should be running in coordination with each other. If the CPU runs too fast, it will cause the operation of other components to be out of coordination and crash;
Note: It is recommended that the external frequency of the CPU be the same as that of the memory.
4. i386, i586, i686, x86_64
These are the CPU architecture names; 64-bit CPUs are x86_64; i386 --> i586 --> i686. Therefore, if a software is installed on i586, it can also be installed on the i686 machine, but not on the i386 machine;
5. View CPU parameters through CPU-Z
FSB (front side bus): Frequency of the North bridge;
5. Introduction to memory dual-channel design: install two identical specifications with the same size of memory, which enables two channels to receive and send data, increase the data width; DDR (double data rate) memory: data transmission is performed twice within a business cycle;
6. Introduction to hard disks: Hard Disks are composed of disks, mechanical arm, and magnetic heads. Hard Disks are commonly used in terms
Sector, track, and cylinderTransmission Interface: IDE and SATA; one ide connection line can connect two hard disks (Master/Slave); hard disk information usually uses"
Master Lu"View;
