How to shut down the computer correctly under Linux

Some common shutdown/Restart commands under Linux are shutdown, halt, reboot, and Init, all of which can be used to reboot the system, but each command has a different internal working process.

Linux CentOS Restart command:Init6

1, reboot
2. shutdown-r now reboot (root user)
3, Shutdown-r 10 over 10 minutes automatic restart (root user use)
4, Shutdown-r 20:35 restart at 20:35 time (root user use)

If you set the restart through the shutdown command, you can cancel the restart with the Shutdown-c command.

Linux centos shutdown command:Init0

1, halt immediately shut down the machine
2, Poweroff immediately shut down the machine
3, Shutdown-h now immediately shut down (root user use)
4, shutdown-h 10 10 minutes after the automatic shutdown

If you set the shutdown through the shutdown command, you can cancel the restart with the Shutdown-c command.

1.shutdown
Shutdown command to safely shut down the system. It is dangerous for some users to turn Linux off using a direct power-off. Because Linux, unlike Windows, runs many processes in the background, forcing a shutdown can cause data loss to the process, leave the system in an unstable state, or even damage the hardware device in some systems.

With the shutdown command before the system shuts down, the system administrator notifies all logged-on users that the system will be closed. And the login command is frozen, that is, the new user can no longer log in. It is possible to shut down directly or delay a certain amount of time before shutting down, and it may be possible to restart the computer. This is determined by all process (process) receiving the signal (signal) the system arrives at. This allows programs like VI to have time to store documents that are currently being edited, while programs like Mail (mail) and news (news) can leave normally and so on.

Shutdown performs its job of sending a signal (signal) to the INIT program, requiring it to change the runlevel. Runlevel0 is used to shut down the (halt),runlevel 6 is used to reactivate the (reboot) system, while Runlevel1 is used to get the system into the state that the management work can take place, which is preset, assuming that there is no-H and no-R parameter to shutdown. To find out what you did during the (halt) or reboot (reboot), you can see these runlevels related information in this file/etc/inittab.
　　
Shutdown parameter Description:
[-T] tell Init how long it will shut down before changing to another runlevel.
[-R] Restart calculator.
[-K] does not really shut down, just send a warning signal to each login (login).
[-h] turn off the power (halt) after shutting down the machine.
[-n] do not use init, but to shut down the machine. The use of this option is discouraged, and the consequences of this option are often not always what you expect it to be.
[-c] Cancel Currentprocess cancels the shutdown program that is currently executing. So this option certainly does not have a time parameter, but you can enter a message to interpret, and this information will be sent to each user.
[-f] ignores fsck when restarting the calculator (reboot).
[-f] forces fsck to restart the calculator (reboot).
[-time] Sets the time before the shutdown (shutdown).

2.halt----The simplest shutdown command

In fact, halt is called shutdown-h. When the halt executes, the application process is killed, the sync system is called, and the kernel is stopped after the file system write operation is complete.
Parameter description:
[-n] prevents the sync system from being called, it is used after patching the root partition with fsck to prevent the kernel from overwriting the patched super block with the old version of the Super Block (superblock).
[-W] is not a real restart or shutdown, just write Wtmp(/var/log/wtmp) records.
[-d] does not write wtmp record (included in option [-n]).
[-f] does not invoke shutdown and forces shutdown or restart.
[-i] before shutting down (or restarting), turn off all network interfaces.
[-p] This option is the default option. is to call Poweroff when shutting down the machine.

3.reboot
Reboot works almost like halt, but it triggers a host reboot, and Halt is shut down. Its parameters are not much different from the halt.

4.init
Init is the ancestor of all processes, and its process number is always 1, so sending a term signal to init terminates all user processes ﹑ daemons and so on. Shutdown is the use of this mechanism. Init defines 8 runlevel (runlevel), and init 0 is shutdown,init1 reboot. There is no longer a narrative about Init, which can be lengthy. There are also telinit commands that can change the runlevel of Init, such as,telinit-is, which allows the system to enter single-user mode, and does not get information and wait time when using shutdown.

How to shut down the computer correctly under Linux