How to think clearly: organize the knowledge structures on thinking that I have read in my spare time over the past year (with a large mind map)

Original article:

How to clearly think about the knowledge structure of thinking that I have read in my spare time over the past year (with my mind map)-Liu weipeng | Luo wei-blog channel-csdn of C ++. net

 

A year ago, I encountered a book called "influence" by chance.How we thinkAfter a great deal of interest, I carefully read the following classic books in a year:Social psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, behavioral economics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, problem solving, debate Theory), critical thinking, judgment and decision-making. And a large number of Wikipedia entries.

Over the past year, reading and thinking about these fields has brought me great value. I believe they will also bring you great benefits.

I wrote in my blog:

In addition, there are some examples that I think are essential knowledge: the method of thinking for analyzing and solving problems (it takes a long time to exercise and reflect on this issue because it is difficult to read one or two books), judgment and decision-making methods (the places in life where judgment and decision-making are much more than we think), popur once said: All life is problem-solving. Judgment and decision-making are the most common types of problem solving. Although there are not many major decisions in our lives, on the other hand, we are always making the most important decisions: for example, deciding where our daily time is invested. For example, can you imagine someone would rather spend time cutting coupons in the newspaper every day, but be indifferent to the 1% discount on house prices? (Do not be a normal fool, and predictably irrational) such: do you know why we are not willing to withdraw when the stock price on hand slides toward the abyss without stopping our hair? (Yes, our psychological mechanisms adapted to ancient times are not adapted to financial markets at all .) Poor judgment and decision making make our lives worse. This is not the most important thing. The most important thing is that we never question our own judgment, instead, I can always "find" other reasons for defending myself (mistakes were made, but not by me), and now is an era of information flooding, another problem also arises: how to effectively filter good information in the ocean, and how to avoid the influence of bad information on our brain (critical thinking) I have a special bean column ("learn to think") on Douban. I hope one day I will be able to learn more about this topic.

The human brain and thinking are the most complex systems that are known at present. The research on this system is not only a fascinating thing, but also a vast universe of beings like us.Even if you do not do research, learning some popular science knowledge in this area will be of great benefit to learning to think correctly.

Your brain is your only tool. The only way to take advantage of this tool is to understand it.Contrary to the intuition of many people, in fact, our thinking has a variety of defects and traps (Keyword: cognitive bias), and our way of thinking to solve daily problems is not always optimal (Keyword: bounded Rationality), here is an excerpt from my introduction to the bean column:

Our thinking has many weaknesses. I have always believed that the correct way of thinking is the basis for efficient learning. For example, see the following two examples. a wrong way of thinking has a much higher possibility of failure.

• People always like to follow their previous learned experiences and use analogy to deduce them. When I took the subway at a subway terminal for the first time and looked at the subway from a distance, I was puzzled-"every car is so long, how can I adjust my head? (I didn't see a U-shaped bend at the end of the rails )? ", When I started driving the car, I realized that the car could be driven in both directions.
• People like to look for cause and effect from association. Once my wife went to the bank to withdraw money and went to the automatic door of the ATM room, I jokingly took the meal card at hand and brushed it, then -- the door opened. I immediately came to the conclusion that the card swipe device was not safe, at least not capable of identifying UnionPay cards. I even quickly generalized a more general theory to explain this phenomenon: it is possible that all magnetic cards can be used to open the door. My wife threw a cold disk of water at my satisfaction: It's not necessarily your card. You don't need to swipe your card to try it. I don't believe it. How is it possible? I thought that I had to swipe my card and opened the door. There is a more obvious causal relationship than this. But to my surprise, I stepped out of the door, but this time I didn't swipe my card, and the door opened. It turned out to be a sensor door. Originally, this ATM room was indeed a hacker, but later I changed it to a sensor door, the device that swiped the card was not removed and left there.

In general

• Human Thinking is filled with various shortcuts. every shortcut is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it reduces the cognitive complexity of the brain (a general view of a problem is much simpler than a detailed analysis) and helps to quickly make the most correct judgments; but on the other hand, it also often leads people to regard the rules established in most cases as universal. It can be said that there are as many shortcuts as there are errors.
• Human emotions also affect human thinking to a large extent. For example, if you hate a person, you will usually oppose all his positions. And vice versa.
• After a long period of evolution, the human brain naturally has some specific "mindset ", this allows humans to quickly respond to adaptive problems that often occur during evolution without thinking. However, in modern society, this kind of mindset is no longer suitable.
• Humans are inevitably influenced by a variety of prejudices, some of which are "mindset" that adapt to certain values (such as smart prejudices afterwards ), some are the "defects" of the brain's cognitive mechanism ".

The above constitutes all kinds of errors in human thinking. To learn to think is to learn to recognize these mistakes.

Critical-thinking has a long history in the West. Early in the ancient Greek age, Aristotle had a certain understanding of the various errors in human language (for example, "We cannot discuss things that do not exist, so everything is real") and classifies the various errors in the debate. Unfortunately, in Chinese culture, rational thinking seems to have been restrained. Chinese literati traditions are irrational thinkers. The so-called irrational thinking mainly includes associations, analogy, and other forms, these ways of thinking are a natural way of thinking for humans. On the one hand, they certainly have their advantages (for example, Lenovo often inspires new ideas in scientific research; analogy also helps to solve existing problems in a novel way. However, on the other hand, this way of thinking is also full of all kinds of fatal mistakes. In the field of mass knowledge, the influence of Ancient Chinese literati habits has profoundly influenced people's language habits. The unreliable analogy and text games that can be seen everywhere are proof (for example, strictly speaking, the analogy is generally that A has three attributes: X, Y, and Z. B has the attributes X and Y (similar to a), so B has the Z attribute. To establish this analogy, you must satisfy the premise that the X and Y attributes have to be related to the existence of Z attributes. However, this premise is ignored. For details, see false analogy ).

Some of the books in this bean column introduce the mechanisms of human thinking work. Understanding these mechanisms is a prerequisite for correct thinking. Many of them are about human reasoning (reasoning) all kinds of mistakes in the process can be avoided only by recognizing these mistakes. Only by avoiding the misunderstanding of thinking can we proceed with correct thinking.

Note:

• A list of the most complete cognitive bias (cognitive bias) See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
• A complete list of fallacies see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies
• For critical thinking entries on Wikipedia, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking

In addition:

• In the process of thinking about problems, the accumulation of thinking habits, personalities, and knowledge all quietly affects the process of thinking, some psychology knowledge is also very helpful for correct thinking. For more psychological recommendations, refer to: http://www.douban.com/doulist/46003/

At the end of the article, I will post a Summary of the knowledge structures I have learned over the past year (UseXmindMind Map). Note: This is only an overall knowledge structure, or a "pathfinding diagram". Some examples are provided (marked with "e.g."),The most important thing is the extended reading from each branch., The latterContains hundreds of valuable Wikipedia entries, no less than 50 Classic Books(I have read most of them, and a small part of them have been carefully examined. They are reading or certainly valuable ).

HowGet these extended readingsThere are two methods:

1. Search for keywords on Wikipedia & Google in the general diagramSuch as informal fallacy, cognitive biases, bounded rationality, critical thinking, argumentation theory, behavioral economics, problem solving, and so on (all the above keywords will be seen in the Mind Map ). Note:When reading Wikipedia, pay attention to the reference behind each entry. In general, these references are also very classic, and their value is no less than that of Wikipedia entries. 
2. View the following four bean columns: 
   • [Read-Only classic] Psychology changes life 
   • [Read-Only classic] Learn to think 
   • [Read-Only classic] Judgment and decision making 
   • Machine Learning and AI resource guidance

I have read most of the above four bean columns. You can also refer to the books under my entire "thinking" label. For more information about how to obtain these books (especially those containing a large number of English documents without Chinese translation), please refer to the notes given by Mr. Li xiaolai.

The new knowledge in this field is so pervasive that I only have time to constantly read and think, and sometimes make some notes in my Google notebook, but I have no time to write a book, write specific introduction in one subdomain and one subdomain (currently, the specific recommendations are just a few recommendations on toplanguage, but there are no topics available ). In this case, I still wrote a lot of related things on my blog. They are proof of my learning experience over the past year.If you want to quickly determine whether the books listed above are of great value to you, please refer to the articles I have written, these articles are mostly insights or summaries in the course of learning this year. Note: Part 1 (about learning, memory, and thinking) is basically irrelevant to the field:

1. About Problem Solving 
   • Solving problems with polia
   • Learning by nature (using algorithm learning as an example)
2. About Machine Learning(The machine learning and AI fields provide excellent references for understanding our ways of thinking)
   • The beauty of mathematics: an ordinary and magical Bayesian Method
   • Machine Learning and artificial intelligence learning resource guidance
3. Learning, memory, and thinking 
   • Some of my learning habits that have always accompanied me (1, 2, 3, 4)
   • Methodology and methodology-programmer's Achilles heel
   • Learning and Memory
   • Reading and thinking
   • Fish is the last one to see water
   • I don't want to be with me.
   • Learning density and concentration

Fortunately, I am not planning a sporadic recommendation: D. So I spent some time organizing the entire knowledge system and drawing the following structure diagram. Please refer to the figure below, as shown below (there are three versions, 1. hyperlink to xmind share, 2. slides embedded in this page. If they cannot be loaded, refer to 1. 3. image version (Note: The image is large. Please download and browse or print it ))

I mentioned in my previous study habits:

8. To learn a knowledge, you must ask yourself three important questions: 1. What is its essence. 2. What is its first principle. 3. What is its knowledge structure.

A friend asked me a specific example. Well, this mind map is a good example of the third point-knowledge structure :)

1. hyperlink to xmind share: http://share.xmind.net/pongba/how-to-think-straight-4/

2. embedded slides (if loading fails, click the xmind share hyperlink above to browse xmind ):

 

3. image version (this is a thumbnail version. Download the full version from album: Google Picasa or csdn album )(Finally, let me remind you that this figure is just a "treasure map" of a large number of books and Wikipedia entries. For more information, see the method described above.)

From xmind

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