1. Create a test user and modify Mounting Parameters
[Root @ localhost ~] # Useradd user1 -- create two new users [root @ localhost ~] # Useradd user2 [root @ localhost ~] # Mount-o remount, usrquota, kgquota/mnt/sdb -- Re-mount and add the parameter [root @ localhost ~] # Mount-l -- view mount options/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_rooton/typeext4 (rw) proc on/proctypeproc (rw) sysfs on/systypesysfs (rw) devpts on/dev/ptstypedevpts (rw, gid = 5, mode = 620) tmpfs on/dev/shmtypetmpfs (rw, rootcontext = "system_u: object_r: tmpfs_t: s0 ") /dev/sda1on/boottypeext4 (rw) none on/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misctypebinfmt_misc (rw)/dev/sdb1on/mnt/sdbtypeext4) [root @ localhost ~] # Quotacheck-avug-mf -- generate two quota files: Your kernel probably supports journaled quotabut you are not using it. consider switching to journaled quotato avoid running quotacheckafter an unclean shutdown. quotacheck: Scanning/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb] donequotacheck: Cannot stat old user quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old group quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old user quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old group quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 filesquotacheck: Old filenot found. quotacheck: Old filenot found. [root @ localhost ~] # Ll/mnt/sdb -- view the two generated files total 26-rw -------. 1 root 6144 Jan 9 aqu59 aquota. group-rw -------. 1 root 6144 Jan 9 aqu59 aquota. userdrwx ------. 2 root 12288 Jan 9 17: 55 lost + found [root @ localhost ~] # Quotaon-avug -- enable the quota function/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb]: group quotas turned on/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb]: user quotas turned on [root @ localhost ~] # Edquota-u user1Disk quotas foruser user1 (uid 500): Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard/dev/sdb10 10 10 20 0 0 0 0 [root @ localhost ~] # Edquota-u user2Disk quotas foruser user2 (uid 501): Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard/dev/sdb10 5 10 0 0 0
[Root @ localhost ~] # Useradd user1 -- create two new users [root @ localhost ~] # Useradd user2 [root @ localhost ~] # Mount-o remount, usrquota, kgquota/mnt/sdb -- Re-mount and add the parameter [root @ localhost ~] # Mount-l -- view mount options/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_rooton/typeext4 (rw) proc on/proctypeproc (rw) sysfs on/systypesysfs (rw) devpts on/dev/ptstypedevpts (rw, gid = 5, mode = 620) tmpfs on/dev/shmtypetmpfs (rw, rootcontext = "system_u: object_r: tmpfs_t: s0 ") /dev/sda1on/boottypeext4 (rw) none on/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misctypebinfmt_misc (rw)/dev/sdb1on/mnt/sdbtypeext4) [root @ localhost ~] # Quotacheck-avug-mf -- generate two quota files: Your kernel probably supports journaled quotabut you are not using it. consider switching to journaled quotato avoid running quotacheckafter an unclean shutdown. quotacheck: Scanning/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb] donequotacheck: Cannot stat old user quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old group quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old user quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old group quotafile: No such fileor directoryquotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 filesquotacheck: Old filenot found. quotacheck: Old filenot found. [root @ localhost ~] # Ll/mnt/sdb -- view the two generated files total 26-rw -------. 1 root 6144 Jan 9 aqu59 aquota. group-rw -------. 1 root 6144 Jan 9 aqu59 aquota. userdrwx ------. 2 root 12288 Jan 9 17: 55 lost + found [root @ localhost ~] # Quotaon-avug -- enable the quota function/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb]: group quotas turned on/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb]: user quotas turned on [root @ localhost ~] # Edquota-u user1 -- The/mnt/sdb directory used by user user1 should not start with 20 MDisk quotas foruser user1 (uid 500 ): filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard/dev/sdb10 10000 20000 0 0 0 0 [root @ localhost ~] # Edquota-u user2 -- the user user2 must delete Disk quotas foruser user2 (uid 501) at least 10 MB for the sdb directory ): filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard/dev/sdb10 5000 10000 0 0 0
2. Verify the quota
[Root @ localhost ~] # Su-user1 [user1 @ localhost ~] $ Cd/mnt/sdb [user1 @ localhost sdb] $ ddif =/dev/zeroof = 12 bs = 1 M count = 5 -- there is no warning message for creating a 5 M file, normal 5 + 0 records in5 + 0 records out5242880 bytes (5.2 MB) copied, 0.0525754 s, 99.7 MB/s [user1 @ localhost sdb] $ ll-h 12-rw-rw-r --. 1 user1 user1 5.0 M Jan 9 [user1 @ localhost sdb] $ ddif =/dev/zeroof = 123 bs = 1 M count = 21 -- the file that created 12 M has warning information, sdb1: warning, user block quotaexceeded. sdb1: write failed, user block limit Reached. dd: writing '000000': Disk quotaexceeded20 + 0 records in19 + 0 records out20475904 bytes (20 MB) copied, 123 s, 102 MB/s [user1 @ localhost sdb] $ ll-h 123-rw-rw-r --. 1 user1 user1 0 Jan 9 123 [user1 @ localhost sdb] $ exitlogout [root @ localhost ~] # Su-user2 -- User user2 test [user2 @ localhost ~] $ Cd/mnt/sdb [user2 @ localhost sdb] $ ddif =/dev/zeroof = 23 bs = 1 M count = 8 -- 8 M file written successfully sdb1: warning, user block quotaexceeded.8 + 0 records in8 + 0 records out8388608 bytes (8.4 MB) copied, 0.0923618 s, 90.8 MB/s [user2 @ localhost sdb] $ ll-h 23 -- view the file size-rw-r --. 1 user2 user2 8.0 M Jan 9 [user2 @ localhost sdb] $[user2 @ localhost sdb] $ ddif =/dev/zeroof = 23 bs = 1 M count = 11 -- write 11 M file failed sdb1: warning, user block quotaexceeded. sdb1: write failed, user block limit reached. dd: writing '23': Disk quotaexceeded10 + 0 records in9 + 0 records out10235904 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.106298 s, 96.3 MB/s [user2 @ localhost sdb] $
3. view the quota configuration, modify the warning time, and cancel the quota
[Root @ localhost ~] # Quota-vu user1 user2 -- query the specified user quota information Disk quotas foruser user1 (uid 500 ): filesystem blocks quotalimit grace files quotalimit grace/dev/sdb10 10000 20000 0 0 0 Disk quotas foruser user2 (uid 501 ): filesystem blocks quotalimit grace files quotalimit grace/dev/sdb18193 * 5000 10000 6 days 1 0 0 [root @ localhost ~] # Repquota-av -- all users and quota information *** Report foruser quotas on device/dev/sdb1Block grace time: 7 days; Inode grace time: 7 daysBlock limits File limitsUser used soft hard grace Limit root -- 13 0 0 2 0 0user1 -- 0 10000 20000 8193 0 0 0user2 +-5000 10000 6 days 1 0 0 Statistics: total blocks: 7 Data blocks: 1 Entries: 3 Used Average: 3.000000 [root @ localhost ~] # Edquota-t -- Modify file warning days (Block days Inode days) Grace period before enforcing soft limits forusers: Time unitsmay: days, hours, minutes, or secondsFilesystem Block grace period Inode grace period/dev/sdb17days 7 days [root @ localhost ~] # Vim/etc/warnquota. conf -- View warning information [root @ localhost ~] # Quotaoff/mnt/sdb -- disable the quota Function
4. Disk partitioning, converting the disk format into a soft Array
[Root @ localhost ~] # Sfdisk-l -- check the number of hard disks in the system: Disk/dev/sda: 1044 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/trackUnits = cylinders of 8225280 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End # cyls # blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 0 + 63-64-512000 83 Linux/dev/sda263 + 1044-981-7875584 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda30-0 0 0 Empty/dev/sda40-0 0 0 EmptyDisk/dev/sdb: 74 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track -- Second Hard Disk/dev /Sdc: 79 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track -- third Hard Disk/dev/sdd: 74 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track -- Fourth Hard Disk/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 849 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/trackDisk/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 130 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track [root @ localhost ~] # Fdisk-cu/dev/sdb -- format of the partition to be converted (I will not display all the following partitions here) Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2255ec93. changes will remain inmemory only, untilyou decide to write them. after that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w (rit E) Command (m forhelp): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4) pPartition number (1-4): 1 First sector (2048-1196031, default 2048 ): using default value 2048 Last sector, + sectors or + size {K, M, G} (2048-1196031, default 1196031): + 100 MCommand (m forhelp ): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4) pPartition number (1-4): 2 First sector (206848-1196031, default 206848): Using default va Lue 206848 Last sector, + sectors or + size {K, M, G} (206848-1196031, default 1196031): + 100 MCommand (m forhelp ): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4) pPartition number (1-4): 3 First sector (411648-1196031, default 411648): Using default value 411648 Last sector, + sectors or + size {K, M, G} (411648-1196031, default 1196031): + 100 MCommand (m forhelp): tPartition number (1-4 ): 1Hex code (typeL List codes): fdChanged system typeof partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect) Command (m forhelp): tPartition number (1-4): 2Hex code (typeL to list codes ): fdChanged system typeof partition 2 to fd (Linux raid autodetect) Command (m forhelp): tPartition number (1-4): 1Hex code (typeL to list codes ): fdChanged system typeof partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect) Command (m forhelp): pDisk/dev/s Db: 612 MB, 612368384 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 74 cylinders, total 1196032 sectorsUnits = sectors of 1*512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical ): 512 bytes/512 bytesI/Osize (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes/512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x2255ec93Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb12048 206847 102400 fd Linux raid autodetect/dev/sdb2206848 411647 102400 fd Linux raid autodetec T/dev/sdd3421348 616447 102400 fd Linux raid autodetectCommand (m forhelp): wThe partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl () to re-readpartition table. Syncing disks. [root @ localhost ~] # Partx-a/dev/sdb -- force read partition Table BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2 BLKPG: device or resource busyerror adding partition 3 [root @ localhost ~] # Partx-a/dev/sdc -- force read partition Table BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2 BLKPG: device or resource busyerror adding partition 3 [root @ localhost ~] # Partx-a/dev/sdd -- force read partition Table BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2 BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 3
5. Make the first partition of the second and third hard disks into RAID 0.
[Root @ localhost ~] # Mdadm -- create/dev/md0 -- raid-devices = 2 -- level = 0/dev/sd {B, c} 1 -- Second, the first partition of the three hard disks is raid 0mdadm: defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array/dev/md0started. [root @ localhost ~] # Cat/proc/mdstat -- View raid information Personalities: [raid0] md0: active raid0 sdc1 [1] sdb1 [0] 224256 blocks super 1.2 512 k chunksunused devices: <none> [root @ localhost ~] # Mkfs. ext4/dev/md0 -- format mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label = OS type: LinuxBlock size = 1024 (log = 0) Fragment size = 1024 (log = 0) stride = 512 blocks, Stripe width = 1024 blocks561_inodes, 224256 blocks000012 blocks (5.00%) reserved forthe super userFirst data block = 1 Maximum filesystem blocks = 6737100828 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock back Ups stored on blocks: 8193,245 77, 40961,573 45, 73729,204 801, 221185 Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. use tune2fs-c or-I to override. [root @ localhost ~] # Mount/dev/md0/mnt/sdb [root @ localhost ~] #
6. Run the second partition of the second and third hard disks as raid1.
[Root @ localhost ~] # Mdadm -- create/dev/md1 -- raid-devices = 2 -- level = 1/dev/sd {B, c} 2 mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start andmay not be suitable as a boot device. if you plan tostore'/boot' on this device please ensure thatyour boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use -- metadata = 0.90 Continue creating array? Continue creating array? (Y/n) ymdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array/dev/md1started. [root @ localhost ~] # Mkfs. ext4/dev/md1mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label = OS type: LinuxBlock size = 1024 (log = 0) Fragment size = 1024 (log = 0) stride = 0 blocks, Stripe width = 0 blocks28112 inodes, 112320 blocks5616 blocks (5.00%) reserved forthe super userFirst data block = 1 Maximum filesystem blocks = 6737100814 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored o N blocks: 8193,245 77, 40961,573 45, 73729 Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. use tune2fs-c or-I to override. [root @ localhost ~] # Mount/dev/md1/mnt/sdb1/
7. Make the third partition of the second, third, and fourth hard disks into RAID 5.
[Root @ localhost ~] # Mdadm -- create/dev/md2 -- raid-devices = 3 -- level = 5/dev/sd {B, c, d} 3 mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array/dev/md2started. [root @ localhost ~] # Mkfs. ext4/dev/md2mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label = OS type: LinuxBlock size = 1024 (log = 0) Fragment size = 1024 (log = 0) stride = 512 blocks, Stripe width = 1024 blocks561_inodes, 224256 blocks000012 blocks (5.00%) reserved forthe super userFirst data block = 1 Maximum filesystem blocks = 6737100828 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups st Ored on blocks: 8193,245 77, 40961,573 45, 73729,204 801, 221185 Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. use tune2fs-c or-I to override. [root @ localhost ~] # Mount/dev/md2/mnt/sdb2/
8. View raid Information
[Root @ localhost ~] # Cat/proc/mdstatPersonalities: [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md2: active raid5 sdd3 [3] sdc3 [1] sdb3 [0] 224256 blocks super 1.2 level 5,512 k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] md1: active raid1 sdc2 [1] sdb2 [0] 112320 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md0: active raid0 sdc1 [1] sdb1 [0] 224256 blocks super 1.2 512 k chunksunused devices: <none> [root @ localhost ~] # Df-THFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use % Mounted on/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_rootext4 6.9G 6.4G 166 M 98%/tmpfs 262 M 0 262 M 0%/dev/shm/dev /sda1ext4 508 M 48 M 435 M 10%/boot/dev/md0ext4 223 M 6.4 M 205 M 3%/mnt/sdb/dev/md1ext4 112 M 5.8 M 100 M 6%/mnt/ sdb1/dev/md2ext4 223 M 6.4 M 205 M 3%/mnt/sdb2 [root @ localhost ~] #
9. raid fault recovery and use of raid logical volumes (lvm)
[Root @ localhost ~] # Mdadm-a/dev/md2/dev/sdd1 -- add a partition mdadm: added/dev/sdd1 to raid5 [root @ localhost ~] # Mdadm-f/dev/md2/dev/sdd3 -- change the third partition in raid5 to invalid mdadm: set/dev/sdd3faulty in/dev/md2 [root @ localhost ~] # Mdadm-r/dev/md2/dev/sdd3 -- remove the third partition mdadm: hot removed/dev/sdd3from/dev/md2 [root @ localhost ~] From raid5. # Cat/proc/mdstatPersonalities: [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md2: active raid5 sdd1 [4] sdc3 [1] sdb3 [0] -- view all partitions in raid5: 224256 blocks super 1.2 level 5,512 k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] md1: active raid1 sdc2 [1] sdb2 [0] 112320 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md0: active raid0 sdc1 [1] sdb1 [0] 224256 blocks super 1.2 512 k chunksunused devices: <none> [root @ localhost ~] # Pvcreate/dev/md2 -- convert raid5 to Physical volume "/dev/md2" successfully created [root @ localhost ~] # Vgcreate vg0/dev/md2 -- a Volume group composed of physical volumes Volume group "vg0" successfully created [root @ localhost ~] # Lvcreate-L 150 M-n test/dev/vg0 -- divide logical volume Rounding up size to full physical extent 152.00 MiBLogical volume "test" created [root @ localhost ~] # Mkfs. ext4/dev/vg0/test -- format the logical volume mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label = OS type: LinuxBlock size = 1024 (log = 0) fragment size = 1024 (log = 0) Stride = 512 blocks, Stripe width = 1024 blocks38912 inodes, 155648 blocks7782 blocks (5.00%) reserved forthe super userFirst data block = 1 Maximum filesystem blocks = 6737100819 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2048 inodes per groupSuperblo Ck backups stored on blocks: 8193,245 77, 40961,573 45, 73729 Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 36 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. use tune2fs-c or-I to override. [root @ localhost ~] # Mount/dev/vg0/test/mnt/sdb2/-- mount [root @ localhost ~] # Df-THFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use % Mounted on/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_rootext4 6.9G 6.4G 166 M 98%/tmpfs 262 M 0 262 M 0%/dev/shm/dev /sda1ext4 508 M 48 M 435 M 10%/boot/dev/md0ext4 223 M 6.4 M 205 M 3%/mnt/sdb/dev/md1ext4 112 M 5.8 M 100 M 6%/mnt/ sdb1/dev/mapper/vg0-testext4 155 M 5.8 M 141 M 4%/mnt/sdb2 [root @ localhost ~] #
Implementation of logical volume (lvm) in linux: http://tongcheng.blog.51cto.com/6214144/1350144
