Individual file system limits on the size of single files

Source: Internet
Author: User
Tags knowledge base

Original source: http://blog.itpub.net/10113559/viewspace-630012/

A.fat16 (maximum partition 2GB, max file 2GB, max capacity)

Before we explain the FAT16 file system, we need to know what fat is? The FAT (File Allocation table) is the meaning of "allocation table". As the name implies, it is used to record the location of the table, it is very important for the use of hard disk, if the loss of the file allocation table, the data on the hard disk will not be able to use the location. Different operating systems use the same file system, in the usual operating system on personal computers, MS-DOS 6.x and the following versions use FAT16;OS/2 using Hpfs;windows NT, while MS-DOS 7.10 and Rom-dos 7.10 at the same time provide FAT16 and FAT32 for users to choose. One of the most accessible is the FAT16, FAT32 file system.
FAT16 File System
FAT16 uses a 16-bit space to represent each sector (Sector) configuration file, so it is called FAT16.
FAT16 because of its innate limitations, the cluster (Cluster) size It uses must be amplified to accommodate larger disk space after each partition that exceeds a certain capacity. The so-called cluster is the allocation unit of disk space, just like a grid of shelves in the library. Each file to be saved to disk must be configured with a sufficient number of clusters to be stored on disk. FAT16 the relationship of each partition to the cluster size is as follows:
Partition size FAT16 cluster size
16MB-127MB 2KB
128MB-255MB 4KB
256MB-511MB 8KB
512MB-1023MB 16KB
1024MB-2047MB 32KB
If you are storing 50KB files in a 1000MB partition, it will take 4 clusters because the partition cluster has a size of 16KB. And if it is a 1KB file, it must also be stored using a cluster. Can the remaining space in each cluster be used? The answer is no, so in the use of disk, virtually will be more or less lost some disk space.
From the above, the FAT16 file system has two biggest drawbacks:
(1) The maximum disk partition is only 2GB. At present, as long as you buy a computer, presumably the size of the hard disk must be at least 2GB, and 3.2GB, 4.3GB or more hard drives abound, and inexpensive. The FAT16 file system cannot adapt to the current large-capacity hard disk and must be forced to partition into several disk spaces. And the size of the partition disk is involved in the problem of cluster, it can be quite a big impact.
(2) The size of the use cluster is inappropriate. Imagine, if a file with only 1KB size is placed in a 1000MB partition, it does not occupy a space of 1KB, but 16KB, a waste of 15kb! The current popular HTML file, the size of almost 1KB, 2KB, and make a website often use dozens of HTML files. If you have 100 of these small files on your hard drive, your wasted disk space can be from 700KB (511MB partition) to 3.1MB (2047MB partition).
These two problems often make users in the "sub-partition, in order to save space, but also make the use of hard disk more convenient and efficient" the choice of wandering.
In the Dos2.0 of the use of the process, the need for larger disk management capabilities has emerged, so in Dos3.0, Microsoft introduced a new file system Fat16. In addition to the 16-bit word-length partitioning table, fat1*****fat12 is very similar elsewhere. In fact, as the word length increases by 4 bits, the total number of clusters that can be used increases to 65546. When the total number of clusters under 4096, the application is the FAT12 partition table, when the actual need to more than 4096 clusters, the application is the Fat16 partition table. The ability to manage disks for the Fat16 file system just launched is actually 32M. It seemed to be big enough at the time. 1987, the development of the hard disk drive the development of the file system, Dos4.0 after the Fat16 can manage the 128M disk. Then the number continues to evolve, up to 2G. In the full 10 years, 2G of Disk Management capacity is much more than the actual needs. It should be pointed out that in the Windows95 system, a relatively unique technique, called VFAT, is used to solve the problem of long file names. The FAT16 partition format has serious drawbacks: high-capacity disk utilization is inefficient. In Microsoft's DOS and Windows series, disk files are allocated in clusters, and a cluster is allocated to only one file, regardless of how much of the file occupies the entire cluster capacity. This way, even if a small file occupies a cluster, the remaining cluster space will be idle, resulting in wasted disk space. The larger the FAT16 partition is created due to the capacity of the partitioned table, the greater the capacity of each cluster on the disk, and the greater the waste.
Maximizing partition size using the FAT16 file system
Profile
Microsoft MS-DOS 4.0 and later releases allow FDISK to partition the hard disk by a maximum of 4,000 gigabytes (GB). However, the MS-DOS file allocation table (FAT) file system only supports a size of 2 GB per partition. Based on this fact, a hard disk size of 2 to 4 GB must be partitioned into multiple partitions, and each partition cannot exceed 2 GB.
Note: Windows update OEM Service release version 2 and newer versions support drives that are larger than 2 GB in size using the FAT32 file system. For more information about the FAT32 file system, see the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article:
Article id:154997 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/154997/EN-US/)
Title: FAT32 File System description
More information
The maximum number of clusters supported by the FAT file system and the maximum size of the cluster determine the 2-GB partition limit. The FAT file system is limited to 65,525 clusters. The cluster size must be 2 secondary and less than 65,536 bytes, resulting in a maximum cluster size of 32,768 bytes (32K). Multiply the maximum number of clusters (65,525) by the maximum cluster size (32,768) equal to 2 GB.
Note that to partition the hard disk with FDISK, the hard drive must be supported by the computer ROM BIOS API, which has a 1024-cylinder limit.
Because each cluster 32K wastes valuable hard disk space, the FAT file system is not always the best hard drive management solution. Microsoft Windows NT uses the NT file system (NTFS), which uses another different file/cluster scheme. Microsoft OS/2 version 1.3 supports HPFS, which also uses a more conservative way of allocating disk resources.
Note: Microsoft Windows NT also supports FAT drives. Windows NT 3.51 supports a maximum size of 4 GB for FAT drives. MS-DOS or Windows does not support FAT drives of 2 GB to 4 GB size. In other words, if you want to access fat drives from MS-DOS or Windows 95/98 and Windows NT, fat drives cannot be larger than 2 GB. If you access FAT drives only from Windows NT, the drive size can be between 2 GB and 4 GB.

B.fat32 (maximum partition 32GB, max capacity 2TB, max file 32G)

FAT32 is actually a form taken by a file partition table, which is relative to FAT16. As we all know, DOS and Windows95 are used in the FAT16 format. As for FAT32, the first time in the WINDOWS95OSR2, the reason is not propaganda is because the file system is not mature enough, is still in the test stage. So why must we launch FAT32? This is mainly determined by the superiority of its own.
First, it can greatly conserve disk space. Files are clustered on disk, and a file is stored in the cluster and no additional files can be stored. If the partition size of a disk is 512MB, the cluster size of the FAT16-based system is 8KB, and the cluster size of the FAT32 system is only 4KB, then, now we store a 3KB file, the FAT16 system will have 5KB space is wasted, and FAT32 waste will be less. If the partition reaches 1gb,fat16 cluster is 16KB, and FAT32 or 4KB, save more.
Before the introduction of the FAT32 file system, the file system used by the PC is usually FAT16. Systems such as Ms-dos,win 95 are based on the FAT16 file system. Under Win 9X, FAT16 supports a maximum of 2GB partitions. We know that the computer keeps the information in an area called a "cluster" on the hard disk. The smaller the clusters used, the more efficient it is to save the information. In the case of FAT16, the larger the partition, the higher the storage efficiency is, and the waste of storage space will inevitably be caused. And with the continuous improvement of computer hardware and application, FAT16 file system can not adapt well to the requirements of the system. In this case, the enhanced file system FAT32 is introduced. Compared with FAT16, FAT32 mainly has the following characteristics:
1. The biggest advantage of FAT32 compared to FAT16 is that it can support a disk size of 2TB (2048GB), but cannot support partitions smaller than 512MB. The FAT32-based win 2000 can support partitions up to 32GB, while FAT16-based win 2000 supports partitions up to 4GB in maximum.
2. With smaller clusters, the FAT32 file system can save information more efficiently. If the size of two partitions is 2GB, one partition uses the FAT16 file system, and the other partition uses the FAT32 file system. The cluster size of the partition with FAT16 is 32KB, while the FAT32 partition's cluster is only 4KB in size. This way, FAT32 is much more efficient than FAT16 storage, which can typically be increased by 15%.
3. The FAT32 file system can relocate the root directory and use a backup copy of fat. In addition, the boot record of the FAT32 partition is included in a structure containing critical data, reducing the likelihood of computer system crashes.
A little supplement:
FAT32 function
Compared to the previous FAT file system implementations, FAT32 provides the following enhancements: The FAT32 supports drives up to 2 TB.
Note: Microsoft Windows 2000 can only support FAT32 partitions up to a maximum of.
FAT32 can use space more efficiently. FAT32 uses smaller clusters (that is, 4 KB of clusters for drives up to 8 GB in size), which can increase disk space usage by 10% to 15% compared to large FAT or FAT16 drives.
FAT32 is more stable and reliable. FAT32 can reposition the root folder, and it uses a backup copy of the file allocation table instead of using the default copy. In addition, the boot record on the FAT32 drive has been extended to include a backup copy of the critical data structure. Therefore, the FAT32 drive is not susceptible to a single point of failure compared to an existing FAT16 drive.
FAT32 more flexible. The root folder on the FAT32 drive is a normal cluster chain, so it can be anywhere on the drive. Previous restrictions on the number of root folders no longer exist. In addition, you can disable file allocation table mirroring so that you can assign a copy of the file to a table instead of making the first file allocation table active. These features allow you to dynamically resize the FAT32 partition. Note, however, that although FAT32 's design allows this functionality, Microsoft will not implement this feature in the initial release.
FAT32 Compatibility considerations
To maintain maximum compatibility with existing programs, networks, and device drivers, FAT32 does not change the existing Windows architecture, internal data structures, application programming interfaces (APIs), and disk formats as much as possible. However, since it now takes 4 bytes to store the cluster values, many internal and disk data structures, as well as published APIs, have been modified or extended. In some cases, an existing API cannot run on a FAT32 drive. Most programs are not affected by these changes. Existing tools and drivers should continue to function properly on the FAT32 drive. However, MS-DOS block device drivers (such as Aspidisk.sys) and disk utilities need to be modified to support FAT32 drives.
All Microsoft bundled disk tools (formatting, Fdisk, defragmentation, MS-DOS, and Windows-based disk scans) have been modified to work correctly in FAT32. In addition, Microsoft is collaborating with some of the major device drivers and disk utility vendors to help them modify their products to support FAT32.
Note: You cannot compress FAT32 volumes using Microsoft DriveSpace or DriveSpace 3.
FAT32 Performance
Converting to the FAT32 file system is one of the biggest performance enhancements you can implement on a Windows 98-based computer.
Dual-Boot computer
Currently, only Windows OSR2, Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows Me can access FAT32 volumes in the Microsoft operating system. MS-DOS, Windows 95 original, and Windows NT 4.0 do not recognize FAT32 partitions, and they cannot be started from the FAT32 volume. Also, if you start your computer with a different operating system (for example, Windows 95 or MS-DOS startup disk), you cannot access the FAT32 volume correctly.
Windows OSR2 and Windows 98 can be started in real mode (for example, to run games) and can use FAT32 volumes.
Create a FAT32 Drive
In Windows OSR2, Windows 98, and Windows Me, if you run the Fdisk tool on a hard disk larger than 512 megabytes (MB) in size, Fdisk will prompt you to enable large disk support. If you answer yes (enable large disk support), any partitions that you create that are larger than MB will be marked as FAT32 partitions.
Windows 98 and Windows Me also come with a FAT32 conversion tool that you can use to convert an existing drive to a FAT32 file system. To use the conversion tool, follow these steps: 1. Click Start, point to Programs, points to Accessories, System Tools, and then click Drive Converter (FAT32).
2. Click Next.
3. Click the drive you want to convert to the FAT32 file system, and then click Next.
4. Follow the on-screen instructions.
Scope of support
Microsoft will support the functionality of the FAT32 file system for error-free read and save files in real mode or protected mode. Microsoft supports the real-mode and protected-mode tools that are available in Windows 95.
For older (older) programs, you must contact the manufacturer of the package if they cannot be installed on the FAT32 volume, or if they cannot save the file correctly or read the file.
Note: Although the FAT32 file system supports up to 2 TB of hard disk capacity, some hard disks may not contain a bootable partition larger than 7.8 GB due to the limitations of the computer's basic input/output system (BIOS) INT13 interface. Contact the hardware manufacturer to determine whether your computer's BIOS supports the updated INT13 extension.
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;zh-cn;184006
The following limitations exist when the Windows operating system uses the FAT32 file system: • The cluster cannot be 64,000 kilobytes (KB) or larger. Some programs, such as installers, may have errors when calculating disk space if the cluster is a size of five KB or larger.
• A volume must contain at least 65,527 clusters to use the FAT32 file system. You cannot increase the cluster size on a volume that uses the FAT32 file system so that the final cluster number of the volume is less than 65,527.
• On volumes that use the FAT32 file system, the cluster is up to 268,435,445. For file allocation table (FAT) space, the maximum size per cluster is 8 kilobytes (TB).
The disk Scan tool that is included with Windows 95 and Microsoft Windows 98 is a 16-bit program Microsoft. Such a program has a memory block, the maximum allocation size of the memory block is equal to one MB minus a KB. Therefore, the Disk Scan tool for Windows 95 or Windows 98 cannot handle volumes that use the FAT32 file system (whose FAT size is greater than the difference between MB and KB). A FAT entry on a volume using the FAT32 file system uses 4 bytes, so ScanDisk cannot process fat on a volume that uses a FAT32 file system that has a defined number of clusters greater than 4,177,920 (including two reserved clusters). The FAT itself is included, calculated as a maximum of 127.53 kilobytes per cluster, and the volume size is in gigabytes (GB).
• You cannot reduce the cluster size on a volume that uses the FAT32 file system, so that the final size of FAT is greater than the difference between MB and KB.
• You cannot use the FAT32 file system to format volumes larger than GB in Windows 2000. The Windows fastfat driver can install and support volumes that use the FAT32 file system and are larger than one GB (subject to other restrictions), but you cannot use the Format tool to create such a volume. This behavior is by design. If you need to create a volume that is greater than GB, use the NTFS file system instead.
Note: When you try to format a FAT32 partition that is larger than three GB, the format fails at the end of the process and the following error occurs:
Logical Disk manager:volume size too big.
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;zh-cn;314463
Limitations of the FAT32 file system in Windows XP
When you use the FAT32 file system in Windows XP, be aware of the following limitations: • The cluster cannot be equal to or greater than the size of KB. Some programs, such as installers, may incorrectly calculate disk space if the cluster size is either more than five KB or larger.
A FAT32 volume must contain at least 65,527 clusters. You cannot increase the cluster size on a volume that uses the FAT32 file system, which results in fewer than 65,527 clusters on the volume.
• If you consider the following variables, the maximum disk size is approximately 8 TB: the maximum number of clusters allowed on a FAT32 volume is 268,435,445, each cluster is up to a maximum of four KB, and there is space required for the file allocation table (FAT).
• You cannot reduce the cluster size on the FAT32 volume, which causes the FAT size to be larger than MB by less than a few kilobytes.
• During Windows XP setup, you cannot use the FAT32 file system to format volumes that are greater than GB. Windows XP can mount and support a FAT32 volume that is larger than/GB (subject to other restrictions), but you cannot use the Format tool to create a FAT32 volume that is larger than a. GB during installation. If you need to format volumes larger than GB, use the NTFS file system to format them. Another option is to start from the Microsoft Windows 98 or Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me) Startup disk, and then use the Format tool that is included on the disk.
For additional information about how to format a hard disk using the Microsoft Windows 98 or Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me) Startup disk, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
255867 how to partition or repartition a hard disk using the Fdisk and Format tools
Note: When you try to format a FAT32 partition that is larger than 32GB during Windows XP Setup, the operation will fail at the end of the formatting process, and you may receive the following error message:
Logical Disk manager:volume size too big.
MS-DOS (the original version of Microsoft Windows 95) and Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 and earlier do not recognize the FAT32 partition and therefore cannot be started from the FAT32 volume.
• You cannot create a file that is greater than (2^32)-1 bytes (that is, 4 GB minus 1 bytes) on the FAT32 partition.
FAT32 format can theoretically support 128TB disk, that is, the size of the cluster 32k* (2^32), but due to hardware and software limitations and other reasons, it is impossible to reach the theoretical value.

C.NTFS (maximum partition 2TB, maximum capacity, max file 2TB)

The NTFS (New Technology file system) is a Windows NT operating environment and a Windows NT Advanced Server network operating system environment for file systems. The goal of NTFS is to provide: reliability, implementation through resiliency (event tracking) and fault-tolerant features of thermal positioning, a platform for adding functionality, support for POSIX requirements, and elimination of limitations in FAT and HPFS file systems.
NTFS provides long file names, data protection and recovery, and security through directory and file licensing. NTFS supports large hard disks and stores files (known as volumes) on multiple hard disks. For example, a large company's database might be large enough to span different hard disks. NTFS provides built-in security features that control file affiliation and access. Files on NTFS partitions cannot be accessed directly from DOS or other operating systems. Third-party software is available if you want to read and write NTFS partition files under DOS; Today, Linux systems can use NTFS-3G to read and write NTFS partitions without worrying about data loss
The win 2000 features an updated version of NTFS file system NTFS 5.0, which makes it possible for users to operate and manage computers as quickly and easily as the win 9X, while also enjoying the system security that NTFS brings. NTFS allows file names to be up to 256 characters long. Although DOS users cannot access NTFS partitions, NTFS files can be copied to DOS partitions. Each NTFS file contains a DOS-readable file name that can be recognized by the DOS file name format. This file name is generated by NTFS from the start character of a long file name.
Convert command FAT32 lossless to NTFS format
Converts a FAT volume to NTFS. CONVERT Volume/fs:ntfs [/v] [/cvtarea:filename] [/nosecurity] [/x] volume specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name, but cannot reverse-damage the operation.
For example, to convert the D drive to NTFS format, you need to command convert D:/fs:ntfs.
[edit this paragraph] Features of NTFS
· Partitions that can be supported by NTFS (called volumes if using dynamic disks) can be up to 2TB in size. The FAT32 support partition in Win 2000 has a maximum size of 32GB.
· NTFS is a recoverable file system. Users rarely need to run disk hotfixes on NTFS partitions. NTFS guarantees partition consistency by using standard things-handling logs and recovery techniques. NTFS uses log files and checkpoint information to automatically recover file system consistency when a system failure event occurs.
· NTFS supports compression of partitions, folders, and files. Any Windows-based application that reads and writes compressed files on an NTFS partition does not need to be decompressed by another program, and when the file is read, the file is automatically decompressed, and the file is automatically compressed when it is closed or saved.
· NTFS uses smaller clusters, which can be used to manage disk space more efficiently. In the case of the FAT32 file system of Win 2000, the size of the cluster is 4KB when the partition size is 2GB~8GB, the size of the cluster is 8KB when the partition size is 8GB~16GB, and the cluster size is 16KB when the partition size is 16GB~32GB. While the NTFS file system of Win 2000, when the size of the partition is below 2GB, the cluster size is smaller than the corresponding FAT32 cluster, and when the partition size is above 2GB (2GB~2TB), the cluster size is 4KB. By contrast, NTFS can manage disk space more efficiently than FAT32, minimizing wasted disk space.
• On NTFS partitions, you can set access permissions for shared resources, folders, and files. Licensing settings include two things: what groups or users are allowed to access folders, files, and shared resources, and what level of access the group or user who has access permissions can have. The settings for access permissions apply not only to users on the local computer, but also to network users who access files through shared folders on the network. Security is much higher than accessing a folder or file under the FAT32 file system. In addition, in the NTFS-formatted Win 2000, the application Audit policy can audit folders, files, and Active Directory objects, audit results recorded in the security log, through the security log to see which groups or users of the folder, file or Active Directory object level of action, To find out the possible illegal access to the system, by taking appropriate measures to minimize this security risk. These are not implemented under the FAT32 file system.
• Disk quota management is available under the NTFS file system of Win 2000. Disk quotas What's the Mr Fairlie? 苁褂玫拇排炭占浣?信涠钕拗疲?恳挥没е荒苁褂米畲笈涠罘段?诘拇排炭占洹I柚么排膛涠詈螅?梢远悦恳桓鲇没У拇排淌褂们榭鼋?懈?俸涂刂疲?ü?嗖饪梢员晔冻龀?? Weizhou homantin n? Brother Island Regiment Weizhou Neodymium-frequency Flex no canвt? fan ∠ boingonium φ thumb Dim? 4 Row Bore Weizhou soko Mr Fairlie ç δ grandmother Milk Mao?? Ditch mold Mr Fairlie DUI Stupid Tip Court award su fount? х Zhi wu wa ⒆ test chu? acenaphthene Xiu to Axmanovs carbon footprint 涫 coat mei ne dependencies what allowance mo-nan low tide glance #?
· NTFS uses a "change" log to track changes that occur to the record file.
• There are many things related to system services, such as encrypting file data, and so on.
[edit this paragraph] Advantages of NTFS
1. File system with Error warning
[3] in the NTFS partition, the first 16 sectors are the partition boot sector, which holds the partition boot code, followed by the main file table (Master files table, hereinafter referred to as the MFT), but if it is located in the disk sector happens to be damaged, The NTFS file system intelligently moves the MFT to other sectors of the hard disk, guaranteeing the proper use of the file system, which means that Windows is running properly. The previous Fat1*****fat32 fat (file allocation table) can only be fixed behind the partition boot sector, and once the sector is damaged, the entire file system will be paralyzed.
However, this smart move of the MFT is certainly not perfect, if the partition in the boot code point to the MFT part of the error, then the NTFS file system will not know where to look for the MFT, which will report "Disk is not formatted" error message. To avoid this problem, the partition boot code contains a checksum program that is specifically responsible for debugging.
2. More efficient file read speed
I'm afraid a lot of people have heard that the NTFS file system has many new features in terms of security, but do you know that NTFS has a much higher rate of file processing than FAT32?
For DOS knows readers must be familiar with the various properties of the file: read-only, hidden, system, etc. These properties are still present in the NTFS file system, but are very different. Here, everything is a property, even the file content is a property. Do you have a list of these properties? * * * * * * * Tam disables die 媸 bi Strider Sakura Kinmen book The song regret the TFS partition see more properties on the file.
File attributes in the NTFS file system can be divided into two types: resident and non-resident properties, which are stored directly in the MFT, such as file names and associated time information (such as creation time, modification time, and so on), which are always resident properties, and the very resident attribute is stored outside the MFT. However, a complex indexing method is used to indicate this. If a file or folder is less than 1500 bytes (in fact, there are quite a few files or folders of that size in our computer), all of their properties, including content, will be resident in the MFT, and the MFT will be loaded into memory when Windows starts, so that when you view the files or folders, In fact, their content is already in the cache, and naturally greatly improve the speed of access to files and folders.
3. Disk Self-healing function
NTFS uses a "self-healing" system that automatically detects and repairs logical and physical errors on the hard disk. In the Fat1*****fat32 era, we need to use the ScanDisk program to mark the bad sectors on the disk, but when the error is found, the data is often written on the bad sector, the loss has been caused.
The NTFS file system does not, and every time it reads and writes, it checks whether the sector is correct or not. NTFS reports this error when it is read, and when a file is written to disk, NTFS will intelligently store the data in a good location, without any impact on the operation. In both cases, NTFS is marked on the bad sector in case it will be used in the future. This mode of operation allows disk errors to be detected earlier, avoiding catastrophic accidents.
Some people find that when you convert a disk to an NTFS file system, it's hard to find disk errors with ScanDisk. After the introduction, do you know why it is?
4. "Disaster prevention and disaster relief" event log function
In the NTFS file system, any operation can be considered an "event". For example, to copy a file from the C drive to the D drive, the entire replication process is an event. The event log monitors the entire operation, and when it finds the complete file on the target--d disk, it records the next "completed" Mark. If there is a power outage in the event log, "completed" will not be logged, and NTFS can re-complete the event just after the call. The role of the event log is not that it can recover the loss, but that it oversees all events, so that the system will always know what tasks have been completed, those tasks have not been completed, to ensure that the system will not be caused by a power outage and other unexpected events, minimizing disruption.
5.NTFS Dynamic Disk Capabilities
A dynamic disk is a new feature that starts with Windows 2000, and Windows Server 2003 continues to use this pretty good feature. It provides more flexible management and usage features than basic disks. You can implement fault-tolerant, high-speed read and write operations on dynamic disks, and the ability to modify volumes at a relatively random size, rather than on a basic disk. Dynamic disks do not have a limit on the number of volumes, and as long as disk space allows, you can create any volume on a dynamic disk. Dynamic disks, we can expand the capacity of a volume by extending the amount of free disk space in a number of disks to the same volume. The read and write speed of the basic disk is determined by the hardware and it is not possible to increase disk efficiency without additional consumption. Create striped volumes on dynamic disks to read and write to multiple disks at the same time, significantly improving disk efficiency.
When using a system installation disk such as Windows XP 2000 2003 to partition a hard disk, it is often found that no matter the size of the hard disk, regardless of partition size, the final total of 8 m of space is left. This 8M space is used to convert to dynamic disks. When you create a raid, you must have a dynamic disk that is not less than 8M, so the Windows operating system automatically leaves 8M of space when it is partitioned.
Basic disk is not fault-tolerant, if you do not have a timely backup and encounter disk failure, there will be a great loss. Create a mirrored volume on a dynamic disk, and all content is automatically mirrored to the mirrored disk in real time, even if a disk failure is encountered without worrying about data loss. Create striped volumes with parity on dynamic disks to ensure improved performance while adding fault tolerance to the disks.
Dynamic disks provide features that are not available for basic disks, such as the ability to create volumes that span multiple disks (spanned and striped volumes) and to create fault-tolerant volumes (mirrored and RAID-5 volumes). All volumes on a dynamic disk are dynamic volumes. There are five types of dynamic volumes: simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes, mirrored volumes, and RAID-5 volumes. Mirrored and RAID-5 volumes are fault tolerant, only if you are running Windows Server, Windows Advanced Server, Windows Datacenter Server, or Windows Server 2003 operating system is available on the computer. However, you can also create mirrored and RAID-5 volumes remotely on these operating systems by using a computer running Windows XP Professional. Regardless of whether a dynamic disk uses a master boot record (MBR) or a GUID partition table (GPT) partition style, you can create up to 2,000 dynamic volumes, but the recommended values for dynamic volumes are 32 or less.
6. What additional features do I need?
In fact, NTFS also provides disk compression, data encryption, disk quotas (in "My Computer" right-click on the partition and parallel "Properties", go to the "Quotas" tab can be set up), dynamic Disk Management and other functions, these features in many newspapers and magazines are more than the introduction of the more, here is no longer described in detail.
NTFS provides different access controls, * * * * * and security management features for different users. If your system is in a single-machine environment, such as a home computer, these features don't mean much to you.
[edit this paragraph] Considerations for using NTFS
NTFS is supported by the Microsoft Windows NT core family of operating systems, a disk format specifically designed for management security features such as network and disk quotas, file encryption, and so on. In addition to users of the NT-series installed on the LAN, with the Windows2000 of the NT Kernel desktop system and XP, many individual users began to format their partitions as NTFS.
In general, the format of NTFS can not be recognized by windows9x, and there are differences in installation, operation, so the individual users in the use of this disk format, you must pay attention to the following considerations:
First, the NT kernel system should always use NTFS?
NTFS is the file system that Microsoft recommends for use on the NT series, but there are some special reasons for using other filesystems. If you plan to access files with other operating systems, including MS-DOS, you should select the boot partition, the C-drive format, as a FAT (including FAT32) file system. If you are using the NTFS file system and want to double boot to Windows NT, you must install SP4 or later patches for Windows NT before continuing with Windows 2000 or XP installation.
II. techniques for converting NTFS and other partition formats
A machine with PQ7 to convert a partition from NTFS to FAT32 format, after completion found that the Chinese name of the disk folder all become question marks, cannot open. At this time, I would like to turn back to find the prompt disk error, with Windows disk scanning and DOS chkdsk check still can't convert, there are its downloaded hundreds of m of files, now has gone beyond recognition.
In fact, if the NTFS partition capacity is very large and there is a large number of data exist, the direct conversion is not only slow, but also very dangerous-because in each step, the conversion of the tool program to read the sector information, copy to the temporary directory, conversion format and read data from the temporary directory to re-write the converted space, Re-check ... This kind of operation and the low-level format of the hard disk or the BIOS of the motherboard is almost dangerous, once the power loss or the instantaneous amount of data too large transmission overflow buffer caused by the crash, after rebooting may lose all the information on the partition, or destroy the boot area data or even damage the hard disk.
If there is enough space in other partitions of the hard disk, the method of deleting files and converting them after copying will be more effective. The specific operation is to create a directory in other partitions, then go to your NTFS partition, select all the files, copy and paste the method to transfer data. Then the NTFS partition data is emptied, and the conversion format is much faster and more secure; converting from FAT to NTFS is the same thing. This kind of copy is much faster than the tedious process of reading, writing, and validating data directly into the partition format, and can copy the data back to the partition after the conversion is complete.
It is also recommended that after emptying the data, you can use Ghost to mirror an empty partition in NTFS or FAT format to get a backup file that will be used more quickly if you want to convert the partition format later.
Three, virtual memory (paging file) and NTFS volume
Many people now have a dual-drive system or even a simple RAID disk array, in which the system uses NTFS-supported volumes at the same time, so try to avoid paging files and system files on the same partition, and do not place multiple paging files in different partitions on the same physical disk drive. In particular, avoid putting the paging file in a fault-tolerant drive, such as a mirrored or RAID-5 volume, because the paging file does not require fault tolerance, and some fault-tolerant systems write data to multiple locations, resulting in very slow data write operations.
Iv. If you use a virtual machine or disk compression, it is not appropriate to use NTFS format
When using a virtual machine, the following prompt will appear when the operating system is installed on the NTFS partition-booted machine using the disc boot:
Wait while Setup initializes.
Scanning system registry ...
Cannot create a temporary directory.
If you had HPFS or NTFS installed on your hard drive, you would need to the create an MS-DOS boot partition to set up Windows.
Support for NTFS formats is not good because virtual machines are built with only the most common hardware and software support for compatibility reasons. If you use Windows9x to read and write NTFS partitions, it may also cause the file structure of some long filenames or Chinese names to be corrupted, and there may be inexplicable errors when using ghost Backup and restore. So, on NTFS or NT kernel series Windows system is good.
Also, note that compressed partitions cannot be converted to NTFS. In fact, compressed disk partitions in disguise increased capacity at the expense of the system speed, but also to the future system maintenance, conversion partition format, upgrade operating system, and so bring a lot of trouble. Unless you are completely backing up your data, other applications do not recommend using the partition disk compression feature of Windows.
  
NTFS Data recovery

NTFS large hard disk data recovery repair process: The hard disk is only one NTFS partition of the data disk, first in DOS with sector editing software to view the lba0--63 sector, the results found that the partition table and 63 sectors have errors, 1-62 sectors have a large number of sectors are written on the unknown code, 87-102 sectors are not normal, First repair the partition table manually, restore the 63 boot sector, delete the 1-62 sector code. 87-102 sectors between temporarily not processing, to Windows check, the result is the same prompt, trial recovery Software 1, you can see the directory structure, and then try to finaldate, this software is too unsatisfactory at this time; use Recovery software 1 to select a directory for trial recovery, As a result, 28 trial recovery files recovered only 2 and the rest were all 0 bytes, and the recovery work was in trouble. The 79-102 sectors were analyzed again, 79 sectors were unrecognizable, severely tampered with, 80-86 sectors were emptied, and the contents of 87-102 sectors were not normal. After some struggling to make a backup of some sectors to clear, the backup is placed between 1-62 sectors, in case of unexpected changes back to the original.
[edit this paragraph] in the site erection due to the failure and resolution of NTFS
We know that in WinDOS 2000/2003 server System NTFS partition of the file or folder, its default permissions mainly? * * * * * * * * * * * Mr Fairlie barium low scale no д hiss ю Thorn Calender 6? Did not х Dream release? Save the word Qiao U? 癐 nternet Guest Account "to complete. This account is automatically created after IIS is installed and does not automatically have access to files (folders) in NTFS. When a user visits a Web site, if the content of the site is not placed in the default WWW, it is likely that the Internet guest cannot operate without anonymous access. [4]
Fault resolution
In this view, the crux of the problem is the use of NTFS partition format. So as long as you do not use the NTFS format later, instead of using the traditional Fat32 format, the problem is not solved? Indeed, if you use the Fat32 format, you will no longer be able to access the site because of an issue with permission settings. But the other problem comes with the Fat32 partition, which has no security configuration and cannot manage the file's operational permissions, resulting in a decrease in security and performance.
So what's the best way to solve this problem? That is to reset permissions for the site folder. Open the Destination Folder Properties window where the Web site files are stored, switch to the "Security" tab, where we can see only administrators, System, users and other groups displayed in it. At this point, we need to click the Add button, click the Advanced button in the open Select Users or Groups window, and then click Find Now to display all the account or group names in the search results in the searched system, and we just need to select the IUSR_ computer name Account (note that after the underscore is the same as the computer name), click the OK button to return to the Permission Settings window. At this point, we can see the added "Internet Guest account". If it is just a normal static page, then just assign its "read and run", "List Folder Target" and other lower control ability, if it is a dynamic ASP type of page, need to interact, then you want to have "modify", "write" and other permissions, assign permissions and click the "OK" button to save the settings.
Such failures will also appear in some dynamic sites, some based on ASP, ASP, and other languages written in the Dynamic Web site, you can convert ASP files to static HTML files to improve access speed, and facilitate the search engine ingest, but if the permission level is set lower, the conversion will be error.

4.ext3

Maximum file size: 2TB

Maximum file limit: only limited by file system size

Maximum partition/File system size: 4TB

Maximum file name length: 255 character (s)

Default min/max block size: 1024/4096 bytes

Default Inode allocation: 1 per 4096 bytes

Maximum load before mandatory FS check: 20 (configurable)

5.gfs

6.ext2

Maximum file size: 1TB

Maximum file limit: only limited by file system size

Maximum partition/File system size: 4TB

Maximum file name length: 255 character (s)

Default min/max block size: 1024/4096 bytes

Default Inode allocation: 1 per 4096 bytes

Maximum load before mandatory FS check: 20 (configurable)

7.swap

Individual file system limits on the size of single files

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