Introduction to Western wind instruments

Introduction to Western wind instruments

This article was first published on the Tsinghua BBS site and some other domestic BBS sites about a year ago. At that time, my signature was Andante. thank you for the excellent performance of the Tsinghua BBS classical music edition. This article is included in the essence area. for various reasons, the original text is no longer in the BBS classical music edition, and my original account has been canceled. this article will be revised again, enrich part of the content, welcome to the netizens interested in such content to criticize and correct. in addition, the content of the typical application of the instrument in this article does not mean that the application of the instrument can be found only in this music, but in this music, you can obviously hear the typical tone of this instrument. Sackbut]

[Sequence: Western wind instrument is a very common instrument. Wind instruments is an indispensable part of the orchestra and military band. in orchestra, a wind band is used as a sound supporting or colored sound) in addition to the percussion sound, it is also a wind instrument (the only possible string instrument is double bass ). because the band is often used for military exercises or etiquette, it is also called a military band. I love classical and romantic music, and I am also a fan of musical instruments. The following content is my accumulation of music and musical instruments over the years, I hope this will be helpful to music lovers and musical instrument lovers among netizens. Please do not hesitate to give us some advice. for more information about the introduction, see professional books.]

Overview:
Western wind instruments have many classification methods. Generally, according to the pronunciation method, they can be divided into blow hole gas Ming, single spring gas Ming, dual spring gas Ming and lip spring gas Ming. the first three types of musical instruments have originated from the historical origins and lack of metallic tone. Therefore, they are collectively referred to as musical instruments. Although many musical instruments have been made of metal, rubber, and even synthetic materials. in the orchestra and the military band, this group of instruments is called the canal group. Correspondingly, the lip-spring musical instrument is called the brass tube group (in fact, these kinds of instruments are indeed made of copper ). next we will introduce these instruments.

I. kongkongming Instrument

Including flute and short flute

A. Voice principle:
The pipe of the Air-beam instrument is a cylindrical type, with horizontal blow and lip as a vibrator. when the lips vibrate, the airflow is separated from each other on the sharp edge of the blow hole. The airflow entering the tube causes the vibration of the air column in the tube and the pronunciation is displayed.

B. Introduction to musical instruments
1. flute (flute)
Alias and yahao: "huako nvwa"
Instrument tone: c
Application staff: high-pitched staff, not transferred
Practical audio: C1 -- C4 (three octal)
Structure composition: pipe body (including the blowing section, main section and end section) and sound key system.
Material used: Common Type: Seamless nickel-Silver Tube
Professional: Hard Real silver
Musical Instrument features: Fresh, thorough, and cool tone. Strong, lively, bright, and elegant bass, widely used in orchestrations and military bands
Among them: apart from the C-tone flute, there are also BD, be-tone flute, G-tone middle-tone flute, C-tone bass flute, and so on. The typical applications are less: the United States (Czech Republic ), the reference part of the old poem "My motherland"-"wallava River" Greig (Norway) "Peel. kim!

2. Piccolo)
Instrument tone: c
Application Number: the treble number, which is used to lower the octal score.
Practical audio: C2 -- C5 (three octal)
Material used: Common Type: Seamless nickel-Silver Tube
Professional: Hard Real silver
Musical Instrument features: The music field is an eight-degree higher than the flute, and can reach the maximum limit of the band. The sound is sharp and transparent. The same music area is not as full as the flute, It is a decorative instrument, and rarely plays solo, used in orchestrations and military bands.
He: restrained and prudent use can make music more loud, powerful, and brilliant.
Typical application: Sousa (US), the third section of "Star banners never fall", and the third section of "old friends march.

Ii. Single-Spring Music Instrument

Includes the single reed, the small single reed, the largest single reed and the sakeguan musical family.

A. Voice principle:
The canal is a cylindrical (single-le) or tapered (sakeguan) type. directly blow, the vibrator is a single-chip Reed and matched mouth, fixed at the upper end of the instrument, the air flow through the whistle and mouth into the tube body and the tube air column vibration pronunciation.

B. Introduction to musical instruments:
1. Clarinet)
Alias and yahao: black pipe, the "Speaker" in the orchestra"
Instrument tone: BB tone
Application staff: high-pitched staff, high-level staff
Practical Phoneme: e -- G3 (three half octal) (actual pitch D -- F3)
Structure: whistle head, small cylinder, main pipe (two sections), bell mouth, and mechanical sound key system
Material used: ordinary type: hard rubber, ABS plastic, phenolic resin, etc.
Professional: specially processed ebony, Rosewood, mahogany or plexiglass
Musical Instrument features: the high-pitched music area is bright and clear. The central music area is rich in expressions, pure tone, clear and beautiful, and the low bass area is thick and plump. It is the most widely used musical instrument in the wood canal family.
Others: in addition to the BB-tuned single-lets, it is also commonly used to include the Middle-tone single-lets, the bass single-Lets and the most bass single-lets that can be played down from the tiny single-Lets and music areas.
Typical application: Mozart (Austria), a major single-leader piano and the blue fantasy of geshi (US)

2. Saxophone)
Instrument tone: BB (high-pitched, submediainfo), be (moderate, upper-bass)
Application score: a high-pitched score, which is used to adjust the score based on the instrument's local tone.
Practical Phoneme: Two Half octal
Structural Composition: Metal parabolic linear conical tube, with a whistle similar to the single reed. The pomm system audio key system, except for the BB high-pitched Sark tube, is bent into a pipe.
Material used: Copper
Musical Instrument features: a rich set of sounds. The tweeting area is between the single reed and the horn. The central music area is like a human voice and a cello tone, and the bass area is like a large and double bass.
Typical applications: Popular modern pop music ,...

Iii. Dual-Spring Music Instrument

Includes dual-Reed, British and Grand Canal instruments.

A. Voice principle:
The tubular cone type is directly blown. the vibrator is a two-piece Reed fixed at the upper end of the instrument. The airflow enters the canal body through the whistle to vibrate and pronounce the canal hollow gas column.

B. Introduction to musical instruments:
1. oboe)
Alias and yahao: lyrical female high in the wooden canal family
Instrument tone: c
Application staff: high-pitched staff, not transferred
Practical Phoneme: B -- F3 (two half octal degrees)
Structure: whistle, pipe (including upper and lower section and bell mouth) and sound key
Material used: the canal body is made of special treated hardwood.
Musical Instrument features: Soft, soft, and ludi sound. It is suitable for displaying idyllic scenery and melancholy and lyrical emotions.
He: He often plays major music in the band. He is an outstanding solo instrument and also good at combination and accompaniment. it is a benchmark music instrument in the symphony band (the band uses a pair of A voices in the dual-Reed letter)
Typical applications: Mozart (Austria), the dual-Reed piano, Zheng Lu (China), and Beijing xixun to bianzhai

2. English horn)
Alias and yahao: F indicates the dual-Reed and the middle-tone dual-Reed.
Instrument tone: F tone
Application staff: tweeting staff
Practical audio: e -- A2
Structure: whistle, pipe body and sound key system
Material used: Wooden
Musical Instrument features: the sound is similar to the dual-Reed, with a melancholy and dreamy touch.
Other: Not a basic instrument of the orchestra, it is used only for specific situations.
(Note: the origin of the name "" is not because the instrument is from the UK, but because of the same transliteration in words)
Typical application: devaxak (Czech Republic), the first topic of the second music in the Ninth Symphony (from the New World)

3. Bassoon and Ba songguan)
Alias and yahao: A bundle of firewood (from Italian fagotto)
Instrument tone: c
Application Number: Bass number, which is not transferred.
Practical Phoneme: BB in a group of big words-BB in a group of small words (three octal values)
Structure: whistle, U-type pipe (divided into four sections) and audio key system
Material used: Acer seed wood or maple
Musical Instrument features: the bass tone is gloomy and solemn, and the tone of the central audio area is soft, sweet, full, and dramatic. It is suitable for expressing serious and dull feelings, but also for expressing humorous tastes and shaping the ugly image.
He: there is also a large bass tube (eight degrees low), which is the lowest bass in the wood canal family.
Typical application: Competition (Law), the first scene of the opera "Karman" and the second stage of the prelude. The melody is chosen from the sighs of the arkararn cavalry.

4. music instrument

This type of musical instrument is widely used to form a brass instrument family, which is commonly referred to as a number-type musical instrument, commonly known as a horn, including a military number, a trumpet, a short number, a circle number, a long number, large and sacks, each of which has many specifications. lip-spring music instrument is made of copper alloy.

A. Voice principle:
Lip Spring Music music instrument by lip vibration pronunciation. when the lips vibrate, the air flow is blown into the tubular body through the cup-shaped mouth, so that the air in the tube is vibrated and pronounced. The length of the pipe is changed by the Opening and Closing piston device or the scaling pipe to get different pitch, in addition, it is expanded by opening a bell mouth to the morning glory. the pronunciation pitch also depends on the intensity of lip muscle tension of the player. The same length of canal can play about seven to ten audios from low to high. (For detailed principles, see my article "talking about the principles of brass instrument" in this version)

B. Introduction to musical instruments
1. military ID (bugle)
Musical Instrument Introduction: Natural panic instrument, which has the simplest structure, including step, horse, army, and youth.
Musical Instrument: BB, G, F, etc.
Application Number: simple Special Number Spectrum
Practical Phoneme: Only a few or even a dozen Enis can be blown out, And the scale is incomplete.
Structure: There are several single and double circles, which are composed of the pipe body, the bell mouth and the mouth
Musical Instrument features: simple structure, bright pronunciation, and good data transfer.
He: only used for army and primary and secondary school drum teams, not for orchestra and military band

2. trumpet)
Instrument tone: bb
Application staff: high-pitched staff, high-level staff
Practical Phoneme: e -- C2 (actual d -- xiaozi two groups of BB), two half octal
Structure: mouth, pipe body and machinery. the mechanical part is composed of a piston and a piston sleeve. by pressing the piston to connect the bypass tube, the pipe is extended. (the piston is divided into two types: straight-up and rotary)
Length: 1.335 meters
Musical Instrument features: Strong, bright, sharp, and rich. It is a high-pitched music instrument of the brass family. It can also produce beautiful and rich music. It can be changed when used as a weak speaker.
He is an important instrument of the orchestra and the military band. He is also used for C, Be, A, and other tonality.
Typical applications: Haydon (Austria), musorsürski (Russia), picture expo, walking, and Chai skuski (Russia), and Italian preference, the dance drama "Swan Lake"-the dance song "-the second part of" brandunburg"

3. short number (Cornet)
Instrument tone: bb
Application staff: high-pitched staff, high-level staff
Practical Phoneme: # f -- C2 (actual e -- xiaozi, two groups of BB), two half octal
Structure: mouth, pipe body and machinery. the mechanical part is composed of a piston and a piston sleeve. by pressing the piston to connect the bypass tube, the pipe is extended. (the piston is divided into two types: straight-up and rotary), number tube is slightly thicker than the small, and more than one turn.
Length: 1.335 meters
Musical Instrument features: soft tone, rich, and not brilliant enough
He: it is usually used only for military bands and dance halls. There are also be short signs, which are rarely used. In today's military bands, the trumpet is often used instead of short signs, and the tone is controlled by the player.

Iv. Lip spring music instrument (continued)

B. Introduction to musical instruments (continued)
4. Round signs (Horn, French horn)
Alias and yahao: French number, "the soul of a wind instrument"
Instrument tone: F tone (Common circular signs include F, Be, F, BB, F, A, BB, and so on)
Application Number: a high-pitched music number, which is used to adjust the music.
Practical Phoneme: B1 -- F2 (three-half-eight degrees)
Structure composition: nozzle, pipe body, mechanical three parts, using the rotary piston, there are three keys, four keys and five keys circle number.
Pipe length: 3.939 meters (f Adjustment)
Musical Instrument features: the tone has both the characteristics of copper tube and is gentle, elegant, with sorrow and poetry. It plays a media coordination role between copper tube and wood tube, and has a rich expressive power.
Among the brass instruments, it has the widest range of music and is most widely used.
Typical application: Mozart (AO), the fourth entry of the "Circular No.", John Straus, and the introduction of the "blue river"

2. trombone)
Alias and yahao: Pull pipe, scaling horn, "stringy instrument in tube music"
Instrument tone: bb
Application Number: The Bass number and the submediainfo number, which do not need to be transferred)
Practical audio: E-a group of BB characters, two half-octal
Structure composition: The scaling length consists of mouth, U-type casing, tube, adjustment tube, bell mouth, pillar, etc. The Bass length also has a four-degree tube piston and four-degree additional tube.
Length: 2.75 meters
Musical Instrument features: Noble, brilliant, solemn, magnificent and full, bright and powerful voice, gentle and euphemistic when playing weak. the whole audio field is unified and rarely assimilated. A unique slide.
He: it is the only brass instrument that has not been well-developed and rarely improved. not only is it an important instrument of the orchestra and military band, but it is also widely used in jazz, known as "The King of jazz ". the orchestra is rarely used for solo purposes. there is also a piston length, which has been basically eliminated.
Typical applications: wandard opera female Wushen, female Wushen ride, wandard opera, Tang Hauser, overture, harchattuliang (former Soviet Union ), the dance drama "garyane"-"The horse knife dance", ravel (law) "polelro dance"

3. tuba)
Alias and yahao: Nov, beibeisi, times sub-Sacks
Instrument tone: bb
Application Number: The Bass number, which does not need to be transferred)
Practical audio: d1 -- F2, three octal
Structure composition: mouth, pipe body and machinery. there are four to six pistons (rotary type is more common ). there are three types of large-sized: bulk-sized, round-sized, and trans-sized (commonly known as "susafeng"). The last two types are only used for military or tube bands.
Musical Instrument features: the largest brass instrument in the music orchestra, with a thick and low tone, majestic and solemn. It is the basis for the concert with the double bass violin.
He: the orchestra also uses G, F, C to tune the size and is rarely used for solo purposes.
Typical application: holster (English), the introduction to Uranus in planetary Orchestration (in combination with the symbol length)

[Note: In a sense, the largest part should be classified as the "sacks" class, but only the largest part of the sacks has a place in the orchestra, so it is listed separately.]

Iv. Lip spring music instrument (continued)

B. Introduction to musical instruments (continued)
4. Sacks
Musical Instrument Introduction: This is a family of musical instruments, including the highest-pitched, high-pitched, moderate, subwoofer, upper-bass, and subwoofer. It is generally used only for military and tube bands.
Instrument tone: BB or be
Application music number: Adjust music records according to the instrument (there are no music records below the sub-music)
Structure composition: nozzle, pipe body and mechanical parts, three to six pistons.
Musical Instrument features: soft tone, round and flexible, with rich expressiveness.

Conclusion:
The above briefly introduces the common Western wind instruments. It should be pointed out that these wind instruments have evolved from being simple to being complex, from being imperfect to being perfect, and are continuing to improve and improve. their applications vary with their tone and tone areas, and are also influenced by the times of different historical periods and the style of the composer. the most widely used pipe instruments in the orchestrations from the baroque period to the classical period include the dual Reed, the tube, and the natural horn (the originator of the modern horn ), it is often seen in the standalone, the natural trumpet (the originator of the modern trumpet) and so on, the longer the number is relatively rare. From the romantic music period, the role of the pipe instrument in the orchestra has gradually increased, and the development of the instrument has also become more and more perfect. The romantic master, Wagner, is the liberation pipe instrument, in particular, the tone of a brass instrument has made great contributions. In the middle of the 19th century, Western wind instruments were basically finalized, and there had not been much change in the past one hundred years. Since the 20th century, some writers headed by the American conductor and composite bernstan have created many modern orchestrations that emphasize the tone of the brass instrument. The music is brilliant, although the work is less ideological, however, there is a fresh and refreshing feeling. Among them, the most familiar works include "Olympic glory.

The following is a brief description of the Application of Western wind instruments in the modern military band, orchestra, and other bands for your reference (sometimes expressed in parentheses ):

Military Band:
Wood pipe: BB single-pipe, (be high-pitched single-pipe) flute, short flute, dual-pipe, big tube, BB sub-audio sake tube, be medium audio sake tube (BB high SAK tube, be bass sake tube)
Copper Tube: trumpet, (short) Yuanyuan, long, be Zhongyin sacks, BB sub-Zhongyin Sasa
Gram, BB upper bass sacks, large.

Orchestra:
Wood pipe: BB single-tube 2, dual-Tube 2, dual-Tube 2 (dual-tube, English pipe, Bass single-tube, Bass tube)
Copper Tube: 2-3 small, 3-4 circle, 2-3 long, large one.
(Note: The length and size are rarely used in classical works)

Jazz Band:
Wood pipe: Sake pipe, single reed pipe (dual Reed, flute)
Copper Tube: Long, small

(The above three band configurations also include string and percussion instruments, which are not listed in this article)

Canonicalize: flute, single-Reed, dual-Reed, tube, horn or second single-Reed

Brass quintet: first, second, second, round, long, large